Textile Reinforced Mortars Retrofitting Methods of Structural Members: A Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31272/jeasd.921Keywords:
Durability, Fabric-Reinforced Cementitious Matrix, Flexural strengthening, Textile Reinforced ConcreteAbstract
Textile Reinforced Mortars (TRM) materials have been carefully investigated as an effective and innovative way of retrofitting structural strength. This study provides a concise summary of the structural behavior of TRM-reinforced structures. The article is broken into five sections. The first branch consists of examinations of the TRM's long-term viability. In contrast, the TRM's behavior under tension levels is described in the second branch. At the same time, the flexural strengthening and bonding features of TRM are discussed in the third and fourth branches, respectively. A comprehensive review of the seismic upgrading technique and its application is provided in the fifth branch, which includes the efficiency of TRM jackets in seismic retrofitting of reinforced concrete (RC). Overall, based on all the research and conclusions that were considered, where the TRM system demonstrated adequate effectiveness in the service load, yield stages, and the confinement of reinforced concrete, vastly improves strengths and deformability, increases ductility, and changes the mode of failure by flexural instead of shearing. With enhancements to energy dissipation and a secure bonding capacity at elevated temperatures, it was characterized by its great durability in a chemically hostile environment Compared to its epoxy-resin equivalents. Therefore, (TRM) is an appropriate replacement for (FRP) in some significant applications.
References
. A. G. Razaqpur, M. Shedid, and O. B. Isgor, “Shear Strength of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Reinforced Concrete Beams Subject to Unsymmetric Loading,” Journal of Composites for Construction, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 500–512, Aug. 2011, doi: https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)cc.1943-5614.0000184.
. A. M. H. Kadhim, H. A. Numan, and M. Özakça, “Flexural Strengthening and Rehabilitation of Reinforced Concrete Beam Using BFRP Composites: Finite Element Approach,” Advances in Civil Engineering, vol. 2019, pp. 1–17, Mar. 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/4981750.
. A. Dalalbashi, B. Ghiassi, and D. V. Oliveira, “Textile-to-mortar Bond Behaviour in lime-based Textile Reinforced Mortars,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 227, p. 116682, Dec. 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.116682.
. J. Park, S.-K. Park, and S. Hong, “Evaluation of Flexural Behavior of Textile-Reinforced Mortar-Strengthened RC Beam considering Strengthening Limit,” Materials, vol. 14, no. 21, p. 6473, Oct. 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14216473.
. P. Kapsalis, T. Tysmans, D. Van Hemelrijck, and T. Triantafillou, “State-of-the-Art Review on Experimental Investigations of Textile-Reinforced Concrete Exposed to High Temperatures,” Journal of Composites Science, vol. 5, no. 11, p. 290, Nov. 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs5110290.
. T. Alkhrdaji et al., “Guide for the Design and Construction of Structural Concrete Reinforced with FRP Bars,” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, Jan. 2015, Available: https://www.concrete.org/store/productdetail.aspx?ItemID=4401U15&Format=PROTECTED_PDF&Language=English&Units=US_AND_METRIC
. D. A. Bournas, P. V. Lontou, C. G. Papanicolaou, and T. C. Triantafillou, “Textile-Reinforced Mortar versus Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Confinement in Reinforced Concrete Columns,” ACI Structural Journal, vol. 104, no. 6, 2007, doi: https://doi.org/10.14359/18956.
. A. S. Calabrese, Tommaso D’Antino, C. Poggi, P. Colombi, G. Fava, and M. A. Pisani, “Application of Externally Bonded Inorganic-Matrix Composites to Existing Masonry Structures,” Research for development, pp. 283–292, Dec. 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33687-5_25.
. W. Brameshuber, “Textile Reinforced Concrete"-State-of-the-Art Report of RILEM,” TC 201-TRC, Report 36, RILEM Publications, Jan. 2006, doi: https://doi.org/10.1617/2351580087.00a.
. C. Carloni et al., “Fiber Reinforced Composites with Cementitious (Inorganic) Matrix,” RILEM state-of-the-art reports, pp. 349–392, Jan. 2016, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7336-2_9.
. S. M. Raoof and D. A. Bournas, “Bond between TRM versus FRP Composites and Concrete at High Temperatures,” Composites Part B: Engineering, vol. 127, pp. 150–165, Oct. 2017, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.05.064.
. Z. C. Tetta and D. A. Bournas, “TRM Vs FRP Jacketing in Shear Strengthening of Concrete Members Subjected to High Temperatures,” Composites Part B: Engineering, vol. 106, pp. 190–205, Dec. 2016, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.09.026.
. T. C. Triantafillou, C. G. Papanicolaou, P. Zissimopoulos, and T. Laourdekis, “Concrete Confinement with Textile-Reinforced Mortar Jackets,” ACI Structural Journal, vol. 103, no. 1, pp. 28–37, Jan. 2006, Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279888400
. G. F. Kheder, “Variation in Mechanical Properties of Natural and Recycled Aggregate Concrete as Related to the Strength of Their Binding Mortar,” Materials and Structures, vol. 38, no. 281, pp. 701–709, Jan. 2005, doi: https://doi.org/10.1617/14216.
. D. Bournas, “Strengthening of Existing Structures,” Elsevier eBooks, pp. 389–411, Jan. 2016, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-78242-446-8.00018-5.
. K. Holschemacher, “Textile Reinforced Slabs and Prefabricated Double Walls,” 1st International Conference Textile Reinforced Concrete (ICTRC), Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Applied Sciences (HTWK) Leipzig, Germany H. Zscheile, Sächsisches Textile for Chung Sinstitut e. V, Germany, pp. 319–330, Jan. 2006, doi: https://doi.org/10.1617/2351580087.031.
. ACI. American Concrete Institute, Guide for the Design and Construction of Externally Bonded FRP Systems for Strengthening Concrete Structures. American Concrete Institute, 2017. doi: https://doi.org/10.14359/51700867.
. L. N. Koutas and Dionysios. A. Bournas, “Flexural Strengthening of Two-Way RC Slabs with Textile-Reinforced Mortar: Experimental Investigation and Design Equations,” Journal of Composites for Construction, vol. 21, no. 1, p. 04016065, Feb. 2017, doi: https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)cc.1943-5614.0000713.
. E. Müller, S. Scheerer, and M. Curbach, “Strengthening of Existing Concrete Structures,” Elsevier eBooks, pp. 323–359, Jan. 2016, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-78242-446-8.00015-x.
. M. Saidi, N. Reboul, and A. Gabor, “Shear Stress Analysis in the textile-to-matrix and TRC-to-masonry Interfaces of Textile-Reinforced Cement (TRC) Applied to Masonry Using Distributed Fibre Optic Sensors,” Journal of Building Engineering, vol. 78, p. 107764, Nov. 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2023.107764.
. T. Triantafillou, Textile Fibre Composites in Civil Engineering, Series in Civil and Structural Engineering: Number 60. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Woodhead Publishing, 2016.
. S. G. Venigalla, A. B. Nabilah, N. A. Mohd Nasir, N. A. Safiee, and F. N. A. Abd Aziz, “Textile-Reinforced Concrete as a Structural Member: a Review,” Buildings, vol. 12, no. 4, p. 474, Apr. 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12040474.
. B. Ghiassi, “Mechanics and Durability of lime-based Textile Reinforced Mortars,” RILEM Technical Letters, vol. 4, pp. 130–137, Feb. 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.21809/rilemtechlett.2019.99.
. N. W. Portal, L. Thrane, and K. Lundgren, “Flexural Behaviour of Textile Reinforced Concrete composites: Experimental and Numerical Evaluation,” Materials and Structures, vol. 50, no. 1, Feb. 2017, doi: https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-016-0882-9.
. A. Spelter, S. Bergmann, J. Bielak, and J. Hegger, “Long-Term Durability of Carbon-Reinforced Concrete: an Overview and Experimental Investigations,” Applied Sciences, vol. 9, no. 8, p. 1651, Apr. 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/app9081651.
. L. C. Bank, T. Russell. Gentry, B. P. Thompson, and J. S. Russell, “A Model Specification for FRP Composites for Civil Engineering Structures,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 17, no. 6–7, pp. 405–437, Sep. 2003, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0950-0618(03)00041-2.
. F. Micelli and A. Nanni, “Durability of FRP Rods for Concrete Structures,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 18, no. 7, pp. 491–503, Sep. 2004, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2004.04.012.
. G. Nkurunziza, B. Benmokrane, A. S. Debaiky, and R. Masmoudi, “Effect of Sustained Load and Environment on Long-Term Tensile Properties of Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Reinforcing Bars,” ACI Structural Journal, vol. 102, no. 4, 2005, doi: https://doi.org/10.14359/14566.
. T. N. Nguyen, Xuan Thang Vu, Amir Si Larbi, and E. Ferrier, “Experimental Study of the Effect of Simultaneous Mechanical and high-temperature Loadings on the Behaviour of textile-reinforced Concrete (TRC),” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 125, pp. 253–270, Oct. 2016, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.08.026.
. A. Nobili, “Durability Assessment of Impregnated Glass Fabric Reinforced Cementitious Matrix (GFRCM) Composites in the Alkaline and Saline Environments,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 105, pp. 465–471, Feb. 2016, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.173.
. F. de A. Silva, M. Butler, S. Hempel, R. D. Toledo Filho, and V. Mechtcherine, “Effects of Elevated Temperatures on the Interface Properties of Carbon textile-reinforced Concrete,” Cement and Concrete Composites, vol. 48, pp. 26–34, Apr. 2014, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2014.01.007.
. D. A. S. Rambo, Y. Yao, F. de Andrade Silva, R. D. Toledo Filho, and B. Mobasher, “Experimental Investigation and Modelling of the Temperature Effects on the Tensile Behavior of Textile Reinforced Refractory Concretes,” Cement and Concrete Composites, vol. 75, pp. 51–61, Jan. 2017, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2016.11.003.
. M. Alma’aitah, B. Ghiassi, and A. Dalalbashi, “Durability of Textile Reinforced Concrete: Existing Knowledge and Current Gaps,” Applied Sciences, vol. 11, no. 6, p. 2771, Mar. 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/app11062771.
. J. Donnini, F. De, V. Corinaldesi, G. Lancioni, and A. Nanni, “Fabric-reinforced Cementitious Matrix Behavior at high-temperature: Experimental and Numerical Results,” Composites Part B-engineering, vol. 108, pp. 108–121, Jan. 2017, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.10.004.
. K. Al-Lami, T. D’Antino, and P. Colombi, “Durability of Fabric-Reinforced Cementitious Matrix (FRCM) Composites: a Review,” Applied Sciences, vol. 10, no. 5, p. 1714, Mar. 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/app10051714.
. J. Donnini, F. Bompadre, and V. Corinaldesi, “Tensile Behavior of a Glass FRCM System after Different Environmental Exposures,” Processes, vol. 8, no. 9, pp. 1074–1074, Sep. 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8091074.
. J. Wang, H. GangaRao, R. Liang, D. Zhou, W. Liu, and Y. Fang, “Durability of Glass fiber-reinforced Polymer Composites under the Combined Effects of Moisture and Sustained Loads,” Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, vol. 34, no. 21, pp. 1739–1754, Jul. 2015, doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684415596846.
. F. P. Glasser, J. Marchand, and E. Samson, “Durability of Concrete — Degradation Phenomena Involving Detrimental Chemical Reactions,” Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 226–246, Feb. 2008, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.09.015.
. D. Arboleda, Saman Babaeidarabad, C. D. Hays, A. N. Lester, and E. Scholar, “DURABILITY OF FABRIC REINFORCED CEMENTITIOUS MATRIX (FRCM) COMPOSITES,” The 7th International Conference on FRP Composites in Civil Engineering, Aug. 2014, Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275099407
. S. Yin, L. Jing, M. Yin, and B. Wang, “Mechanical Properties of Textile Reinforced Concrete under Chloride wet-dry and freeze-thaw Cycle Environments,” Cement and Concrete Composites, vol. 96, pp. 118–127, Feb. 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2018.11.020.
. J. Machovec and P. Reiterman, “Influence of Aggressive Environment on The Tensile Properties of Textile Reinforced Concrete,” Acta Polytechnica, vol. 58, no. 4, p. 245, Aug. 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.14311/ap.2018.58.0245.
. J. Donnini, “Durability of Glass FRCM systems: Effects of Different Environments on Mechanical Properties,” Composites Part B: Engineering, vol. 174, p. 107047, Oct. 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107047.
. P. Krivenko, R. Drochytka, A. Gelevera, and E. Kavalerova, “Mechanism of Preventing the Alkali–aggregate Reaction in Alkali Activated Cement Concretes,” Cement and Concrete Composites, vol. 45, pp. 157–165, Jan. 2014, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013.10.003.
. I. G. Colombo, M. Colombo, and M. di Prisco, “Tensile Behavior of Textile Reinforced Concrete Subjected to Freezing–thawing Cycles in un-cracked and Cracked Regimes,” Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 73, pp. 169–183, Jul. 2015, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.03.001.
. M. De Munck et al., “Influence of Environmental Loading on the Tensile and Cracking Behaviour of Textile Reinforced Cementitious Composites,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 181, pp. 325–334, Aug. 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.06.045.
. J. Lanas, R. Sirera, and J. I. Alvarez, “Study of the Mechanical Behavior of Masonry Repair lime-based Mortars Cured and Exposed under Different Conditions,” Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 961–970, May 2006, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2005.12.003.
. M. Colombo, P. Martinelli, and M. di Prisco, “On the Evaluation of the Structural Redistribution Factor in FRC design: a Yield Line Approach,” Materials and Structures, vol. 50, no. 1, Nov. 2016, doi: https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-016-0969-3.
. M. Z. Naser, R. A. Hawileh, and J. A. Abdalla, “Fiber-reinforced Polymer Composites in Strengthening Reinforced Concrete structures: a Critical Review,” Engineering Structures, vol. 198, p. 109542, Nov. 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.109542.
. E. Franzoni, C. Gentilini, M. Santandrea, S. Zanotto, and C. Carloni, “Durability of Steel FRCM-masonry joints: Effect of Water and Salt Crystallization,” Materials and Structures, vol. 50, no. 4, Jul. 2017, doi: https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-017-1070-2.
. S. M. Raoof, L. N. Koutas, and D. A. Bournas, “Textile-reinforced Mortar (TRM) versus fibre-reinforced Polymers (FRP) in Flexural Strengthening of RC Beams,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 151, pp. 279–291, Oct. 2017, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.05.023.
. G. Loreto, L. Leardini, D. Arboleda, and A. Nanni, “Performance of RC Slab-Type Elements Strengthened with Fabric-Reinforced Cementitious-Matrix Composites,” Journal of Composites for Construction., vol. 18, no. 3, Jun. 2014, doi: https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)cc.1943-5614.0000415.
. S. M. Raoof and D. A. Bournas, “TRM versus FRP in Flexural Strengthening of RC beams: Behaviour at High Temperatures,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 154, pp. 424–437, Nov. 2017, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.07.195.
. S. Scheerer, R. Zobel, E. Müller, T. Senckpiel-Peters, A. Schmidt, and M. Curbach, “Flexural Strengthening of RC Structures with TRC—Experimental Observations, Design Approach and Application,” Applied sciences, vol. 9, no. 7, pp. 1322–1322, Mar. 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/app9071322.
. D. Zhu, A. Peled, and B. Mobasher, "Dynamic Tensile Testing of Fabric–Cement Composites," Construction and Building Materials, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 385–395, Jan. 2011, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.06.014.
. T. D’Antino and C. (Corina) Papanicolaou, “Comparison between Different Tensile Test set-ups for the Mechanical Characterization of inorganic-matrix Composites,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 171, pp. 140–151, May 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.041.
. T. D’Antino and C. Papanicolaou, “Mechanical Characterization of Textile Reinforced inorganic-matrix Composites,” Composites Part B: Engineering, vol. 127, pp. 78–91, Oct. 2017, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.02.034.
. G. de Felice et al., “Mortar-based Systems for Externally Bonded Strengthening of Masonry,” Materials and Structures, vol. 47, no. 12, pp. 2021–2037, Jun. 2014, doi: https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-014-0360-1.
. L. H. Sneed, T. D’Antino, C. Carloni, and C. Pellegrino, “A Comparison of the Bond Behavior of PBO-FRCM Composites Determined by double-lap and single-lap Shear Tests,” Cement and Concrete Composites, vol. 64, pp. 37–48, Nov. 2015, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2015.07.007.
. C. Sabau, J. H. Gonzalez-Libreros, L. H. Sneed, G. Sas, C. Pellegrino, and B. Täljsten, “Use of Image Correlation System to Study the Bond Behavior of FRCM-concrete Joints,” Materials and Structures, vol. 50, no. 3, Apr. 2017, doi: https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-017-1036-4.
. A. D’Ambrisi, L. Feo, and F. Focacci, “Bond-slip Relations for PBO-FRCM Materials Externally Bonded to Concrete,” Composites Part B: Engineering, vol. 43, no. 8, pp. 2938–2949, Dec. 2012, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.06.002.
. D. De Domenico et al., “Experimental Characterization of the FRCM-Concrete Interface Bond Behavior Assisted by Digital Image Correlation,” Sensors, vol. 21, no. 4, p. 1154, Feb. 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/s21041154.
. T. D’Antino, C. Carloni, L. H. Sneed, and C. Pellegrino, “Matrix–fiber Bond Behavior in PBO FRCM composites: a Fracture Mechanics Approach,” Engineering Fracture Mechanics, vol. 117, pp. 94–111, Feb. 2014, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2014.01.011.
. S. M. Raoof, L. N. Koutas, and D. A. Bournas, “Bond between textile-reinforced Mortar (TRM) and Concrete substrates: Experimental Investigation,” Composites Part B: Engineering, vol. 98, pp. 350–361, Aug. 2016, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.05.041.
. L. Ombres, “Analysis of the Bond between Fabric Reinforced Cementitious Mortar (FRCM) Strengthening Systems and Concrete,” Composites Part B: Engineering, vol. 69, pp. 418–426, Feb. 2015, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2014.10.027.
. S. Babaeidarabad, G. Loreto, D. Arboleda, and A. Nanni, “Flexural Behavior of RC Beams Strengthened with Fabric-reinforced-cementitious-matrix (FRCM) Composite,” 7th International Conference on FRP Composites in Civil Engineering, Aug. 2014, Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272621607
. O. Awani, A. E. Refai, and T. El-Maaddawy, “Bond Characteristics of Carbon fabric-reinforced Cementitious Matrix in Double Shear Tests,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 101, pp. 39–49, Dec. 2015, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.10.017.
. L. H. Sneed, T. D’Antino, and C. Carloni, “Investigation of Bond Behavior of PBO Fiber-Reinforced Cementitious Matrix Composite-Concrete Interface,” ACI Materials Journal, vol. 111, no. 5, 2025, Accessed: Feb. 14, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://trid.trb.org/view/1326421
. C. T. M. Tran, B. Stitmannaithum, and T. Ueda, “Investigation of the Bond Behaviour between PBO-FRCM Strengthening Material and Concrete,” Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, vol. 12, no. 12, pp. 545–557, Dec. 2014, doi: https://doi.org/10.3151/jact.12.545.
. P. D. Gkournelos, T. C. Triantafillou, and D. A. Bournas, “Seismic Upgrading of Existing Reinforced Concrete buildings: a state-of-the-art Review,” Engineering Structures, vol. 240, p. 112273, Aug. 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.112273.
. T. C. Triantafillou and C. G. Papanicolaou, “Textile Reinforced Mortars (TRM) as Strengthening Materials for Concrete Structures," In 2005 Fib Symposium on Keep Concrete Attractiveز (pp. 345-350). Publishing Company of Budapest University of Technology and Economics., pp. 345–350, Jan. 2005.
. D. A. Bournas, T. C. Triantafillou, K. Zygouris, and F. Stavropoulos, “Textile-Reinforced Mortar versus FRP Jacketing in Seismic Retrofitting of RC Columns with Continuous or Lap-Spliced Deformed Bars,” Journal of Composites for Construction, vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 360–371, Oct. 2009, doi: https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)cc.1943-5614.0000028.
. B. Mobasher, Mechanics of Fiber and Textile Reinforced Cement Composites. CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group, 2011. doi: https://doi.org/10.1201/b11181
Downloads
Key Dates
Received
Revised
Accepted
Published Online First
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Alaa. A. Muneam, Layth A. Al-Jaberi, Hesham A.Numan (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
