BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION FROM AGRICULTURAL WASTE: A REVIEW
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31272/jeasd.28.2.7Keywords:
Agricultural waste, Bioethanol, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, FermentationAbstract
The importance of this research lies in keeping pace with the global trend to diversify energy sources and reduce climate change and air pollution by shedding light on how to benefit from agricultural waste by using it as a raw material for the production of bioethanol, which is one of the most important types of renewable fuels. This review highlighted the; ways of converting agricultural and fruit waste into bioethanol and its environmental and economic benefits-including adding it to gasoline used as car fuel in different proportions, as it works to raise the octane number of gasoline and improve its quality, thus reducing its production costs and reducing gas emissions from vehicle exhaust. In addition, the global production of bio-ethanol was reviewed and is expected to reach it by the end of 2023. It also highlighted the results of several studies that dealt with the properties and uses of ethanol and the best agricultural wastes used for this purpose. It is suggested to focus on the agricultural waste in Iraq, such as rice husks, in terms of cost and conditions for improvement to increase bio-ethanol production using fermentation processes.
References
Rdhaiwi, A.Q., Khoshfetrat, A., and Fathi, A., (2024). Experimental Comparison of Flow Energy Loss in Type-B and -C Trapezoidal Piano Key Weirs (PKWS). Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 55–64. https://doi.org/10.31272/jeasd.28.1.4
Abdul Hussein, S.A., and Nima, M.A., (2023). Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Semicircular Solar Updraft Tower System Employing Porous Copper Metal Foam. Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Vol. 27, No. 5, pp. 596–614. https://doi.org/10.31272/jeasd.27.5.4
Mohsen, H.K., and Hamza, N., (2023). Augmentation Techniques of Convective Heat Transfer of Heat Sinks: A Comprehensive Review. Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 37–53. https://doi.org/10.31272/jeasd.27.1.4
Adnan, M.S., Khalil, A.A., and Alhamd, S.J., (2023). The effect of varying shale concentrations on wellbore instability in drilling operations for Iraqi oil fields. AIP Conf. Proc. Volume 2631, Issue 1, Article No. 070003. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0140124
Mahmood, B.S., and Fenjan, R.M., (2023). Characterization of Bio-Char Produced from Sesbania Stems (Sesbania grandiflora). Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 204–212. https://doi.org/10.31272/jeasd.27.2.5
Maean, S.A., Abdelhafez, A.M., Hassan E.A. (2022). Utilization of Agro-Wastes for Bioethanol Production. Arab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Vol.30, Issue. 1, pp.43-53. https://doi.org/10.21608/AJS.2022.114247.1449
Hashem, N.S., Ali, G.A.A., Jameel, H.T., Khurshid, A.N., and Abbas M.N., (2021). Heavy Metals Evaluation by Atomic Spectroscopy, for Different Parts of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) Plants Banks of Tigris River. Biochemical and Cellular Archives. Vol. 21, Issue 2, pp. 3813-3819. https://connectjournals.com/03896.2021.21.3813
Hadi S.R., and Fadhil H.S., (2021). The Mechanical Behavior of Polymer Composites Reinforced by Natural Materials. Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 88–96. https://doi.org/10.31272/jeasd.25.2.10
Ghulam, N.A., Abbas, M.N., and Sachit, D.E., (2020). Preparation of synthetic alumina from aluminum foil waste and investigation of its performance in the removal of RG-19 dye from its aqueous solution. Indian Chemical Engineer. Vol. 62, Issue 3, pp. 301-313. https://doi.org/10.1080/00194506.2019.1677512
Abdel-Shafy, H.I., Mansour, M.S.M.. (2018). Solid waste issue: Sources, composition, disposal, recycling, and valorization. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, Vol. 27, No .4, pp. 1275-1290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2018.07.003
Al-Hermizy, S.M.M., Al-Ali, S.I.S., Abdulwahab, I.A., and Abbas, M.N., (2022). Elimination of Zinc Ions (Zn+2) from Synthetic Wastewater Using Lemon Peels. Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution. Vol. 19, Issue 5, pp. 79-85. https://doi.org/10.3233/AJW220073
Derman E., Abdulla R., Marbawi H., Sabullah M.K. (2018). Oil palm empty fruit bunches as a promising feedstock for bioethanol production in Malaysia. Renewable Energy, Vol.10, pp. 52–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrep.2017.03.003
Carrillo-Nieves D., Alanís M.J.R., Quiroz R.d.-l.-C., Ruiz H.A., Iqbal H.M.N., Parra-Saldívar R. (2019). Current status and future trends of bioethanol production from agroindustrial wastes in Mexico. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 102, pp. 63–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.11.031
Goodman, B.A. (2020). Utilization of Waste Straw and Husks from Rice Production: A Review. Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobab.2020.07.001
Khaleel, L.R., Al-Hermizy, S.M., and Abbas, M.N., (2022). Statistical Indicators for Evaluating the Effect of Heavy Metals on Samarra Drug Industry Water Exposed to the Sun and Freezing. Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research. Vol. 6, Issue 12, pp. 1969-1974. http://www.doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v6i12.12
Ali, G.A.A., Ibrahim, S.A., and Abbas, M.N., (2021). Catalytic Adsorptive of Nickel Metal from Iraqi Crude Oil using non-Conventional Catalysts”, Innovative Infrastructure Solutions. Vol. 6, Article No.: 7, 9 pages. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-020-00368-x
Rajaa, N., Kadhim, F.J., Abbas, M.N., Banyhussan, Q.S., (2023). The improvement of concrete strength through the addition of sustainable materials (agro-waste loaded with copper ions). 3rd International Conference for Civil Engineering Science (ICCES 2023), IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Vol. 1232, 012038, 9 Pages. http://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1232/1 /012038
Alhamd, S.J., Abbas, M.N., Manteghian, M., Ibrahim, T.A., and Jarmondi, K.D.S., (2024). Treatment of Oil Refinery Wastewater Polluted by Heavy Metal Ions via Adsorption Technique using Non-Valuable Media: Cadmium Ions and Buckthorn Leaves as a Study Case. Karbala International Journal of Modern Science. https://doi.org/10.33640/2405-609X.3334
Al-Ali, S.I.S., Abudi, Z.N., and Abbas, M.N., (2023). Modelling and Simulation for the Use of Natural Waste to Purified Contaminated Heavy Metals. Journal of the Nigerian Society of Physical Sciences. Vol. 5, Issue 1, Article No.1143. https://doi.org/10.46481/jnsps.2023.1143
Gupta, J. Wilson, B.W., Vadlani, P.V., (2016). Evaluation of green solvents for a sustainable zein extraction from ethanol industry DDGS. Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. 85, pp. 313-319.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.12.020
Prajapati, P., Desai, H. and Chandarana, C., (2022). Hand Sanitizers as a Preventive Measure in COVID-19 Pandemic, Its Characteristics, and Harmful Effects: A Review. Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association, Vol.97, No.6, pp.1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42506-021-00094-x
Kampf, G., Todt, D., Pfaender, S., Steinmann, E., (2020). Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and its inactivation with biocidal agents. Journal of Hospital Infection. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2020.01.0222.
Gustavo Graciano Fonseca, Elmar Heinzle, Christoph Wittmann & Andreas K. Gomber. (2008). The yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus and its biotechnological potential. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, Vol.79, No.3, pp.339-354. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-008-1458-6
Abbas, M.N., Al-Tameemi, I.M., Hasan, M.B., and Al-Madhhachi, A.T., (2021). Chemical Removal of Cobalt and Lithium in Contaminated Soils using Promoted White Eggshells with Different Catalysts. South African Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol. 35, pp. 23-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajce.2020.11.002
Abdullah, W.R., Alhamadani, Y.A.J., Abass, I.K., and Abbas, M.N., (2023). Study of chemical and physical parameters affected on purification of water from inorganic contaminants. Periodicals of Engineering and Natural Sciences. Vol. 11, Issue 2, pp. 166-175. http://dx.doi.org/10.21533/pen.v11i2.3508
Abbas, M.N., Al-Madhhachi, A.T., and Esmael, S.A., (2019). Quantifying soil erodibility parameters due to wastewater chemicals. International Journal of Hydrology Science and Technology. Vol. 9, Issue 5, pp. 550-568. http://doi.org/10.1504/IJHST.2019.10016884
Anu, A.K., Jain, K.K., Singh, B., (2020). Process optimization for chemical pretreatment of rice straw for bioethanol production. Renewable Energy, Vol.156, pp.1233-1243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.04.052
Ibrahim, T.A., Mohammed, A.M., Abd ali, I.K., and Abbas, M.N., Hussien, S.A., (2020). Teratogenic Effect of Carbamazepine Drug on the Histological Structure of Testes in the Albino Mouse (Mus musculus). Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology. Vol. 14, Issue 4, pp. 1829-1834.
Abbas, M.N., Ali, S.T., and Abbas, R.S., (2020). Rice Husks as a Biosorbent Agent for Pb+2 Ions from Contaminated Aqueous Solutions: A Review. Biochemical and Cellular Archives. Vol. 20, Issue 1, pp. 1813-1820. https://doi.org/10.35124/bca.2020.20.1.1813
Tonell, D. (2009). 102 - Methods for Determining Ethanol in Beer. Beer in Health and Disease Prevention, pp. 1055-1065. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-373891-2.00102-4
Abbas, M.N., and Abbas, F.S., (2013). Iraqi Rice Husk Potency to Eliminate Toxic Metals from Aqueous Solutions and Utilization from Process Residues. Advances in Environmental Biology. Vol. e 7, Issue 2, pp. 308-319.
Maddodi, S.A., Alalwan, H.A., Alminshid, A.H., and Abbas, M.N., (2020). Isotherm and computational fluid dynamics analysis of nickel ion adsorption from aqueous solution using activated carbon. South African Journal of Chemical Engineering. Vol. 32, April, pp. 5-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajce.2020.01.002
Abbas, M.N., Ibrahim, S.A., Abbas, Z.N., and Ibrahim, T.A., (2022). Eggshells as a Sustainable Source for Acetone Production. Journal of King Saud University - Engineering Sciences. Vol. 34, Issue 6, pp. 381-387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2021.01.005
Ibrahim, T.A., Mahdi, H.S., Abbas, R.S., and Abbas, M.N., (2020). Study the Effect of Ribavirin Drug on the histological structure of the testes in Albino mice (Mus musculus). Journal of Global Pharma Technology. Vol. 12, Issue 02 (Suppl.), pp. 142-146.
Awogbemi, O., Von Kallon, V.D., and Owoputi, A.O., (2022). Review Biofuel Generation from Potato Peel Waste: Current State and Prospects. Recycling, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling7020023
Alwan, E.K., Hammoudi, A.M., Abd, I.K., Abd Alaa, M.O., and Abbas, M.N., (2021). Synthesis of Cobalt Iron Oxide Doped by Chromium Using Sol-Gel Method and Application to Remove Malachite Green Dye. NeuroQuantology. Vol. 19, Issue 8, pp. 32-41 http://doi:10.14704/nq.2021.19.8.NQ21110
Alminshid, A.H., Abbas, M.N., Alalwan, H.A., Sultan, A.J., and Kadhome, M.A., (2021). The aldol condensation reaction of acetone on MgO nanoparticles surface: An in-situ drift investigation. Molecular Catalysis. Vol. 501, February, Article No. 111333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcat.2020.111333
Ahmad, F.U., Bukar, A. and Usman B., (2017). Production of Bioethanol from Rice Husk Using Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma harzianumt. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, Vol. 10 No. 1, pp.280 – 284. https://doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v10i1.56S
Sopandi T., and Wardah A., (2015). Sugar Consumption in Mono and Co-Culture Saccharomyces Cerevisiae and Others Selected Microorganism for Bioethanol Production from Stream Rice Husk Medium. Asian Jr. of Microbiol. Biotech. Env. Sc. Vol. 17, Issue. 3, pp. 577-586. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/296873531
Abbas, M.N., and Abbas, F.S., (2013). The Feasibility of Rice Husk to Remove Minerals from Water by Adsorption and Avail from Wastes. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, WSEAS Transactions on Environment and Development. Vol. 9, Issue 4, pp. 301-313.
Abd Al Satar, N.H., and Sachit, D. E., (2021). Assessment of Hospital Wastewater Quality and Management in Bab-Al Muadham Region at Baghdad. Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 44–50. https://doi.org/10.31272/jeasd.25.3.5
Pabon A.M.A., Feiissia F.E., Mendieta C.M., Chamorro E. and Area M.C. (2020). Improvement of Bioethanol Production from Rice Husks. Cellulose Chemistry and Technology, Vol. 54, No. 7-8, pp. 689-698. https://doi.org/10.35812/CelluloseChemTechnol.2020.54.68
Abd ali, I.K., Ibrahim, T.A., Farhan, A.D., and Abbas, M.N., (2018). Study of the effect of pesticide 2,4-D on the histological structure of the lungs in the albino mice (Mus musculus). Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Research. Vol. 10, Issue 6, pp: 1418-1421
Mohammed, H.A., Sachit D.E., Al-Furaiji M.H., (2022). The Effect of Organic Matter on Heavy Metals Removal from Simulated Wastewater using a Reverse Osmosis Membrane Process. Chemistry Europe, Vol. 7, Issue 45, e202203151. https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.202203151
Abbas, F.S., Abdulkareem, W.S., and Abbas, M.N., (2022). Strength Development of Plain Concrete Slabs by the Sustainability Potential of Lead-Loaded Rice Husk (LLRH). Journal of Applied Engineering Science, Vol. 20, Issue 1, pp. 160-167. https://doi:10.5937/jaes0-32253
Ali, S.A.K., Almhana, N.M., Hussein, A.A., and Abbas, M.N., (2020). Purification of Aqueous Solutions from Toxic Metals using Laboratory Batch Mode Adsorption Unit Antimony (V) Ions as a Case Study. Journal of Green Engineering (JGE). Vol. 10, Issue 11, pp. 10662-10680.
Wu J., Ellisto A., Gall G.L., Colquhoun I.J., Collins S.R.A., Wood I.P., Dicks J., Roberts I.N., and Waldron K.W., (2018). Optimising conditions for bioethanol production from rice husk and rice straw: effects of pre‑treatment on liquor composition and fermentation inhibitors, Biotechnol Biofuels. Vol. 11, No. 62, pp. 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-018-1062-7
Abbas, M.N., and Abbas, F.S., (2013). The Predisposition of Iraqi Rice Husk to Remove Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solutions and Capitalized from Waste Residue. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology. Vol. 6, Issue 22, pp: 4237-4246.
Alalwan, H.A., Abbas, M.N., Abudi, Z.N., and Alminshid, A.H., (2018). Adsorption of thallium ion (Tl+3) from aqueous solutions by rice husk in a fixed-bed column: Experiment and prediction of breakthrough curves. Environmental Technology and Innovation, Vol. 12, November, pp. 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2018.07.001
Abdulkareem, W.S., Aljumaily, H.S.M., Mushatat, H.A., Abbas, M.N., (2023). Management of Agro-Waste by Using as an Additive to Concrete and Its Role in Reducing Cost Production: Impact of Compressive Strength as a Case Study. International Journal on “Technical and Physical Problems of Engineering” (IJTPE). Vol. 15, Issue 54, pp. 62-67.
Abbas, M.N., and Abbas, F.S., (2014). Application of Rice Husk to Remove Humic Acid from Aqueous Solutions and Profiting from Waste Leftover. WSEAS Transactions on Biology and Biomedicine, Vol. 11, pp. 62-69.
Alalwan, H.A., Mohammed, M.M., Sultan, A.J., Abbas, M.N., Ibrahim, T.A., Aljaafari, H.A.S., Alminshid, A.A., (2021). Adsorption of methyl green stain from aqueous solutions using non-conventional adsorbent media: Isothermal kinetic and thermodynamic studies. Bioresource Technology Reports, Vol. 14, Article No.100680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2021.100680
Abbas, M.N., (2015). Phosphorus removal from wastewater using rice husk and subsequent utilization of the waste residue. Desalination and Water Treatment. Vol. 55, Issue 4, pp. 970-977. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2014.922494
Ahmad Taghizadeh-Alisaraei, Ali Motevali and Barat Ghobadian. (2019). Ethanol production from date wastes: Adapted technologies, challenges, and global potential. Renewable Energy an international journal, Vol. 143, pp.1094-1110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.05.048
Ibrahim, S.A., Hasan, M.B., Al-Tameemi, I.M., Ibrahim, T.A., Abbas, M.N., (2021). Optimization of adsorption unit parameter of hardness remediation from wastewater using low-cost media. Innovative Infrastructure Solutions, Vol. 6, Issue 4, Article No. 200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-021-00564-3
Ali, S.T., Qadir, H. T., Moufak, S.K., Al-Badri, M.A.M., and Abbas, M.N., (2020). A Statistical Study to Determine the Factors of Vitamin D Deficiency in Men the City of Baghdad as a Model. Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology. Vol. 14, Issue 1, pp. 691-696. https://doi.org/10.37506/ijfmt.v14i1.132
Abdulrahman, M.A., Al-Ali S.I.S., and Abbas, M.N., (2024). Interface Shapes and Flow Behaviour in Duct Systems under Critical and Sub-Critical Flow Conditions. Al-Qadisiyah Journal for Engineering Sciences (QJES), in press. https://doi.org/10.30772/qjes.2023.143635.1037
Raharja R., Murdiyatmo U., Sutrisno A. and Wardani A.K. (2019). Bioethanol production from sugarcane molasses by instant dry yeast. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, International Conference on Green Agro-industry and Bioeconom, Vol. 230. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/230/1/012076
Jayanti A.N., Sutrisno A., Wardani A.K. and Murdiyatmo U., (2019). Bioethanol production from sugarcane molasses by instant dry yeast (effect of pretreatment and fermentation temperature). IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, International Conference on Green Agro-industry and Bioeconomy, Vol. 230. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/230/1/012102
Ali, G.A.A., and Abbas M.N., (2020). Atomic Spectroscopy Technique Employed to Detect the Heavy Metals from Iraqi Waterbodies Using Natural Bio-Filter (Eichhornia crassipes) Thera Dejla as a Case Study. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy. Vol. 11, Issue 9, pp. 264-271. https://doi.org/10.31838/srp.2020.9.43
Abd Al-Latif, F.S., Ibrahim T.A., and Abbas M. N., (2023). Revealing Potential Histological Changes of Deltamethrin Exposure on Testicular Tissue in Albino Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Advancements in Life Sciences, Vo. 10, No. 4, pp. 619-626. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJMR2013.6122
Rath S., Singh A.K., Masih H., Kumar Y., Peter J.K., Singh P., Mishra S.K. (2014)., Bioethanol production from waste potatoes as an environmental waste management and sustainable energy by using cocultures Aspergillums Niger and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. International Journal of Advanced Research, Vol. 2, Issue. 4, pp. 553-563. (ISSN 2320-5407). www.journalijar.com
Abbas, M.N., and Nussrat, T.H., (2020). Statistical Analysis of Experimental Data for Adsorption Process of Cadmium by Watermelon Rinds in Continuous Packed Bed Column. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change. Vol. 13, Issue 3, pp. 124-138.
Akin-Osanaiye, B.C., Nzelibe, H.C. And Agbaji, A.S. (2005). Production of Ethanol from Carica Papaya (Pawpaw) Agro Waste: Effect of Saccharification And Different Treatments On Ethanol Yield. African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 4, No. 7, pp. 657-659.
https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB2005.000-3118
Hasan, M.B., Al-Tameemi, I.M., and Abbas, M.N., (2021). Orange Peels as a Sustainable Material for Treating Water Polluted with Antimony”, Journal of Ecological Engineering. Vol. 22, Issue 2, pp. 25-35. https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/130632
Elsa Cherian, M. Dharmendira Kumar, G.Baskar, (2014). Cellulosic Bioethanol Production by Sequential Fermentation using Agricultural Waste. International Journal of ChemTech Research, Vol. 6, No.14, pp. 5653-5660.
Upendra R.S, Pratima Khandelwal, Priyanka.S, Jagadish M L, Nandhini N J., (2013). Production of Bioethanol from Hitherto Underutilized Agro Waste (Field Beans/Green Pea Pods Waste) Incorporating Zero Waste Generation Technique. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol. 2, No. 10, pp. 5574-5579. : https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319504373
Abbas, M.N., Al-Hermizy, S.M.M., Abudi, Z.N., and Ibrahim, T.A., (2019). Phenol Biosorption from Polluted Aqueous Solutions by Ulva Lactuca Alga using Batch Mode Unit. Journal of Ecological Engineering. Vol. 20, Issue 6, pp. 225–235. https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/109460
Alalwan, H.A., Abbas, M.N., and Alminshid, A.H., (2020). Uptake of Cyanide Compounds from Aqueous Solutions by Lemon Peel with Utilising the Residue Absorbents as Rodenticide. Indian Chemical Engineer. Vol. 62, Issue 1, pp. 40-51 https://doi.org/10.1080/00194506.2019.1623091
Abbas, M.N., and Alalwan, H.A., (2019). Catalytic Oxidative and Adsorptive Desulfurization of Heavy Naphtha Fraction. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering. Vol. 12, Issue 2, pp. 283-288. November. http://doi.org/10.9713/kcer.2019.57.2.283
Nassir T.H., Al-Sahlany S.T.G., (2021). Bioethanol Production from Agricultural Wastes by Zymomonas Mobilis and Used in Vinegar Production. Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Vol. 11, No.3, https://doi.org/10.15414/jmbfs.3709
Abbas, M.N., and Ibrahim, S.A., (2020). Catalytic and thermal desulfurization of light naphtha fraction. Journal of King Saud University - Engineering Sciences. Vol. 32, Issue 4, pp. 229-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2019.08.001
Downloads
Key Dates
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Gaith M. Hamdi Hamdi, Mohammed Nsaif Abbas , Seroor Atalah Khaleefa Ali (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
