التطورات والتحديات في قياس وتحليل انبعاثات الميثان في قطاع النفط والغاز: مراجعة نقدية

D. T. Allen et al., “Field trial of methane emission quantification technologies,” in Proc. SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, 2020, Art. no. SPE-201537-MS. doi: https://doi.org/10.2118/201537-MS.

T. Lauvaux et al., “Global assessment of oil and gas methane ultra-emitters,” Science, vol. 375, no. 6580, pp. 557–561, 2022. doi: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abj4351

S. Sun, L. Ma, and Z. Li, “Methane emission estimation of oil and gas sector: A review of measurement technologies, data analysis methods and uncertainty estimation,” Sustainability, vol. 13, no. 24, Art. no. 13895, 2021. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/su132413895.

X. Yang et al., “City-scale methane emissions from the midstream oil and gas industry: A satellite survey of the Zhoushan archipelago,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 449, Art. no. 141673, 2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.141673.

T. A. Fox, T. E. Barchyn, D. Risk, A. P. Ravikumar, and C. H. Hugenholtz, “A review of close-range and screening technologies for mitigating fugitive methane emissions in upstream oil and gas,” Environmental Research Letters, vol. 14, no. 5, Art. no. 053002, 2019. doi: https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab0cc3.

J. Cooper, L. Dubey, and A. Hawkes, “Methane detection and quantification in the upstream oil and gas sector: The role of satellites in emissions detection, reconciling and reporting,” Environmental Science: Atmospheres, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 9–23, 2022. doi: https://doi.org/10.1039/D1EA00046B.

S. M. Mehrdad and K. Du, “Satellite-based methane emission monitoring: A review across industries,” Remote Sensing, vol. 17, no. 22, Art. no. 3674, 2025. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17223674.

Y. Zhang, Z. Wang, J. Hu, and C. Pu, “Intelligent management of carbon emissions of urban domestic sewage based on the Internet of Things,” Environmental Research, vol. 251, Art. no. 118594, 2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2024.118594.

J. G. Nejad et al., “Advances in methane emission estimation in livestock: A review of data collection methods, model development and the role of AI technologies,” Animals, vol. 14, no. 3, Art. no. 435, 2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14030435.

E. Chan et al., “Eight-year estimates of methane emissions from oil and gas operations in Western Canada are nearly twice those reported in inventories,” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 54, no. 23, pp. 14899–14909, 2020. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c04117.

M. Fiorucci et al., “Remote sensing and AI for monitoring methane emissions,” in Proc. Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference, 2025, Art. no. D041S150R005. doi: https://doi.org/10.2118/229275-MS.

A. Yazdinejad, H. Wang, and J. D. Kong, “Advanced AI-driven methane emission detection, quantification, and localization in Canada: A hybrid multi-source fusion framework,” Science of the Total Environment, vol. 998, Art. no. 180142, 2025. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180142.

M. R. Johnson, D. R. Tyner, and B. M. Conrad, “Origins of oil and gas sector methane emissions: On-site investigations of aerial measured sources,” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 2484–2494, 2023. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c07318.

D. R. Lyon, R. A. Alvarez, D. Zavala-Araiza, A. R. Brandt, R. B. Jackson, and S. P. Hamburg, “Aerial surveys of elevated hydrocarbon emissions from oil and gas production sites,” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 50, no. 9, pp. 4877–4886, 2016. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b00705.

G. Aydin, I. Karakurt, and K. Aydiner, “Analysis and mitigation opportunities of methane emissions from the energy sector,” Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, vol. 34, no. 11, pp. 967–982, 2012. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/15567031003716725

T. I. Yacovitch, C. Daube, and S. C. Herndon, “Methane emissions from offshore oil and gas platforms in the Gulf of Mexico,” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 3530–3538, 2020. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b07148.

B. Smith, S. Buckingham, D. Touzel, A. Corbett, and C. Tavner, “Development of methods for top-down methane emission measurements of oil and gas facilities in an offshore environment using a miniature methane spectrometer and long-endurance uncrewed aerial system,” SPE Production & Operations, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 565–573, 2023. doi: https://doi.org/10.2118/206181-PA.

J. L. Wang et al., “Multiscale methane measurements at oil and gas facilities reveal necessary frameworks for improved emissions accounting,” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 56, no. 20, pp. 14743–14752, 2022. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c06211.

Y. Zeng and J. Morris, “Detection limits of optical gas imagers as a function of temperature differential and distance,” Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, vol. 69, no. 3, pp. 351–361, 2019. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2018.1540366.

M. Gålfalk, S. Nilsson Påledal, and D. Bastviken, “Sensitive drone mapping of methane emissions without the need for supplementary ground-based measurements,” ACS Earth and Space Chemistry, vol. 5, no. 10, pp. 2668–2676, 2021. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.1c00106.

D. J. Varon et al., “Satellite discovery of anomalously large methane point sources from oil/gas production,” Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 46, no. 22, pp. 13507–13516, 2019. doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL083798.

D. T. Allen, D. Smith, V. M. Torres, and F. C. Saldaña, “Carbon dioxide, methane and black carbon emissions from upstream oil and gas flaring in the United States,” Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering, vol. 13, pp. 119–123, 2016. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coche.2016.08.014.

Á. E. Esparza, M. Ebbs, N. De Toro Eadie, R. Roffo, and L. Monnington, “Utilizing remote sensing and data analytics techniques to detect methane emissions from the oil and gas industry and assist with sustainability metrics,” SPE Production & Operations, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 640–650, 2023. doi: https://doi.org/10.2118/215818-PA.

P. E. Saide et al., “Evaluating methods to estimate methane emissions from oil and gas production facilities using LES simulations,” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 52, no. 19, pp. 11206–11214, 2018. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b01767.

A. Ražnjević et al., “Technical note: Interpretation of field observations of point-source methane plume using observation-driven large-eddy simulations,” Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol. 22, no. 10, pp. 6489–6505, 2022. doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6489-2022.

R. A. Alvarez et al., “Assessment of methane emissions from the U.S. oil and gas supply chain,” Science, vol. 361, no. 6398, pp. 186–188, 2018. doi: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aar7204

H. Jia and H. Kikumoto, “Source term estimation in complex urban environments based on Bayesian inference and unsteady adjoint equations simulated via large eddy simulation,” Building and Environment, vol. 193, Art. no. 107669, 2021. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.107669.

X. Zhou et al., “Mobile measurement system for the rapid and cost-effective surveillance of methane and volatile organic compound emissions from oil and gas production sites,” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 581–592, 2021. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c06545.

A. M. Fredenslund, J. Hinge, M. A. Holmgren, S. G. Rasmussen, and C. Scheutz, “On-site and ground-based remote sensing measurements of methane emissions from four biogas plants: A comparison study,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 270, pp. 88–95, 2018. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.08.080.

T. L. Vaughn et al., “Temporal variability largely explains top-down/bottom-up difference in methane emission estimates from a natural gas production region,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 115, no. 46, pp. 11712–11717, 2018. doi: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1805687115.

A. E. Ite and U. J. Ibok, “Gas flaring and venting associated with petroleum exploration and production in the Nigeria’s Niger Delta,” American Journal of Environmental Protection, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 70–77, 2013. doi: https://doi.org/10.12691/env-1-4-1.

M. Davoudi, M. R. Rahimpour, S. M. Jokar, F. Nikbakht, and H. Abbasfard, “The major sources of gas flaring and air contamination in the natural gas processing plants: A case study,” Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, vol. 13, pp. 7–19, 2013. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2013.03.002

R. Subramanian et al., “Methane emissions from natural gas compressor stations in the transmission and storage sector: Measurements and comparisons with the EPA greenhouse gas reporting program protocol,” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 3252–3261, 2015. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/es5060258.

D. Zimmerle, T. Vaughn, C. Bell, K. Bennett, P. Deshmukh, and E. Thoma, “Detection limits of optical gas imaging for natural gas leak detection in realistic, controlled conditions,” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 54, no. 18, pp. 11506–11514, 2020. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c01285.

K. Konschnik and S. M. Jordaan, “Reducing fugitive methane emissions from the North American oil and gas sector: A proposed science-policy framework,” Climate Policy, vol. 18, no. 9, pp. 1133–1151, 2018. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2018.1427538.

B. M. Hashim, M. A. Sultan, A. Al Maliki, and N. Al-Ansari, “Estimation of greenhouse gases emitted from energy industry (oil refining and electricity generation) in Iraq using IPCC methodology,” Atmosphere, vol. 11, no. 6, Art. no. 662, 2020. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11060662.

A. Razaq and A. F. Hassoon, “Estimation effect of weather factors on biogas emissions rate (methane) from landfill stations in Baghdad Governorate,” Iraqi Geological Journal, vol. 55, no. 2F, pp. 212–223, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://igj-iraq.org/igj/index.php/igj/article/view/1069.

Z. Chen et al., “Satellite quantification of methane emissions and oil–gas methane intensities from individual countries in the Middle East and North Africa: Implications for climate action,” Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol. 23, no. 10, pp. 5945–5967, 2023. doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5945-2023.

R. M. Shubbar, D. I. Lee, H. A. Gzar, and A. S. Rood, “Modeling air dispersion of pollutants emitted from the Daura Oil Refinery, Baghdad-Iraq using the CALPUFF modeling system,” Journal of Environmental Informatics Letters, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 28–39, 2019. doi: https://doi.org/10.3808/jeil.201900014.

H. L. Brantley, E. D. Thoma, W. C. Squier, B. B. Guven, and D. Lyon, “Assessment of methane emissions from oil and gas production pads using mobile measurements,” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 48, no. 24, pp. 14508–14515, 2014. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/es503070q.

B. Anifowose and M. Odubela, “Methane emissions from oil and gas transport facilities—Exploring innovative ways to mitigate environmental consequences,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 92, pp. 121–133, 2015. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.12.066.

IEA, Global Methane Tracker 2026. Paris, France: International Energy Agency, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.iea.org/reports/global-methane-tracker-2026.

Á. Esparza, M. Ebbs, and J.-F. Gauthier, “Application of remote sensing techniques to detect methane emissions from the oil and gas sector to assist operators with sustainability efforts,” in Proc. SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, 2022, Art. no. SPE-209980-MS. doi: https://doi.org/10.2118/209980-MS.

M. R. Johnson, D. R. Tyner, and A. J. Szekeres, “Blinded evaluation of airborne methane source detection using Bridger Photonics LiDAR,” Remote Sensing of Environment, vol. 259, Art. no. 112418, 2021. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2021.112418.

T. G. van Kessel, L. J. Klein, M. Ramachandran, E. J. Zhang and H. Hamann, "Satellite Guided Mobile Wireless Methane Detection for Oil and Gas Operations," 2020 IEEE 6th World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT), New Orleans, LA, USA, 2020, pp. 1-4, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/WF-IoT48130.2020.9221071.

A. Corbett and B. Smith, “A study of a miniature TDLAS system onboard two unmanned aircraft to independently quantify methane emissions from oil and gas production assets and other industrial emitters,” Atmosphere, vol. 13, no. 5, Art. no. 804, 2022. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13050804.

A. R. Waxman, A. Khomaini, B. D. Leibowicz, and S. M. Olmstead, “Emissions in the stream: Estimating the greenhouse gas impacts of an oil and gas boom,” Environmental Research Letters, vol. 15, no. 1, Art. no. 014004, 2020. doi: https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab5e6f.

A. Safitri, X. Gao, and M. S. Mannan, “Dispersion modeling approach for quantification of methane emission rates from natural gas fugitive leaks detected by infrared imaging technique,” Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 138–145, 2011. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2010.11.007.

T. Reinelt, A. Delre, T. Westerkamp, M. A. Holmgren, J. Liebetrau, and C. Scheutz, “Comparative use of different emission measurement approaches to determine methane emissions from a biogas plant,” Waste Management, vol. 68, pp. 173–185, 2017. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.05.053.

G. Gargiulo, “Detection of methane fugitive emissions using drones,” The APPEA Journal, vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 400–401, 2021. doi: https://doi.org/10.1071/AJ20088.

J. S. Rutherford et al., “Closing the methane gap in US oil and natural gas production emissions inventories,” Nature Communications, vol. 12, Art. no. 4715, 2021. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25017-4.

D. Turner, “Practical lessons from implementing a top-down, drone-based methane emissions quantification technology into global oil and gas operations,” Australian Energy Producers Journal, vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 44–53, 2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.1071/EP23031.

J. D. Albertson et al., “A mobile sensing approach for regional surveillance of fugitive methane emissions in oil and gas production,” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 2487–2497, 2016. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b05059.

J. Kamieniak, E. P. Randviir, and C. E. Banks, “The latest developments in the analytical sensing of methane,” TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, vol. 73, pp. 146–157, 2015. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2015.04.030.

O. Schneising, J. P. Burrows, R. R. Dickerson, M. Buchwitz, M. Reuter, and H. Bovensmann, “Remote sensing of fugitive methane emissions from oil and gas production in North American tight geologic formations,” Earth’s Future, vol. 2, no. 10, pp. 548–558, 2014. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/2014EF000265.

D. Hollenbeck, D. Zulevic, and Y. Chen, “Advanced leak detection and quantification of methane emissions using sUAS,” Drones, vol. 5, no. 4, Art. no. 117, 2021. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/drones5040117.

Y. You, R. M. Staebler, S. G. Moussa, J. Beck, and R. L. Mittermeier, “Methane emissions from an oil sands tailings pond: A quantitative comparison of fluxes derived by different methods,” Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 1879–1892, 2021. doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1879-2021.

A. A. Nottrott, “Large-eddy simulation, atmospheric measurement and inverse modeling of greenhouse gas emissions at local spatial scales,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA, 2014. [Online]. Available: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/08x1j1p8.

D. R. Tyner and M. R. Johnson, “Where the methane is—Insights from novel airborne LiDAR measurements combined with ground survey data,” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 55, no. 14, pp. 9773–9783, Jul. 2021. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c01572.

M. R. Johnson, D. R. Tyner, S. Conley, S. Schwietzke, and D. Zavala-Araiza, “Comparisons of airborne measurements and inventory estimates of methane emissions in the Alberta upstream oil and gas sector,” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 51, no. 21, pp. 13008–13017, 2017. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b03525.

E. Atherton et al., “Mobile measurement of methane emissions from natural gas developments in northeastern British Columbia, Canada,” Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol. 17, no. 20, pp. 12405–12420, 2017. doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-12405-2017.

J. L. France et al., “Facility level measurement of offshore oil and gas installations from a medium-sized airborne platform: Method development for quantification and source identification of methane emissions,” Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 71–88, 2021. doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-71-2021.

D. Zavala-Araiza et al., “Methane emissions from oil and gas production sites in Alberta, Canada,” Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene, vol. 6, Art. no. 27, 2018. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.284.

D. J. Jacob et al., “Satellite observations of atmospheric methane and their value for quantifying methane emissions,” Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol. 16, no. 22, pp. 14371–14396, 2016. doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-14371-2016.

A. Karion et al., “Methane emissions estimate from airborne measurements over a western United States natural gas field,” Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 40, no. 16, pp. 4393–4397, 2013. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50811.

D. T. Allen et al., “Measurements of methane emissions at natural gas production sites in the United States,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 110, no. 44, pp. 17768–17773, 2013. doi: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1304880110.

A. N. Hristov et al., “Symposium review: Uncertainties in enteric methane inventories, measurement techniques, and prediction models,” Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 101, no. 7, pp. 6655–6674, 2018. doi: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-13536.

K. S. Ro, M. H. Johnson, R. M. Varma, R. A. Hashmonay, and P. Hunt, “Measurement of greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural sites using open-path optical remote sensing method,” Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, vol. 44, no. 10, pp. 1011–1018, 2009. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10934520902996963.

H. M. El-Houjeiri, A. R. Brandt, and J. E. Duffy, “Open-source LCA tool for estimating greenhouse gas emissions from crude oil production using field characteristics,” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 47, no. 11, pp. 5998–6006, 2013. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/es304570m.

R. Harriss, R. A. Alvarez, D. Lyon, D. Zavala-Araiza, D. Nelson, and S. P. Hamburg, “Using multi-scale measurements to improve methane emission estimates from oil and gas operations in the Barnett Shale region, Texas,” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 49, no. 13, pp. 7524–7526, 2015. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b02305.

D. Franke, A. Bahr, J. Gütschow, M. Blumenberg, S. Ladage, R. Lutz, and M. Pein, “Attempt to estimate historical methane emissions from the oil and natural gas sector,” in EGU General Assembly 2020, Online, May 4–8, 2020, EGU2020-4469. doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-4469.

K. Ritter, M. Lev-On, and T. Shires, “Industry experience in deriving updated emission factors to characterize methane emissions for select emission sources in natural gas systems,” Carbon Management, vol. 5, no. 5–6, pp. 507–517, 2014. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/20430779.2015.1036752.

S. Thakur and H. Solanki, “Role of methane in climate change and options for mitigation—A brief review,” International Association of Biologicals and Computational Digest, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 275–281, 2022. doi: https://doi.org/10.56588/iabcd.v1i2.80.

J. A. de Gouw et al., “Daily satellite observations of methane from oil and gas production regions in the United States,” Scientific Reports, vol. 10, no. 1, Art. no. 1379, 2020. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-57678-4.

L. Shen et al., “Satellite quantification of oil and natural gas methane emissions in the US and Canada including contributions from individual basins,” Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol. 22, no. 17, pp. 11203–11215, 2022. doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11203-2022.

O. Schneising, M. Buchwitz, M. Reuter, S. Vanselow, H. Bovensmann, and J. P. Burrows, “Remote sensing of methane leakage from natural gas and petroleum systems revisited,” Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol. 20, no. 15, pp. 9169–9182, 2020. doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-9169-2020.

H. J. Deglint, W. D. Shaw, and J.-F. Gauthier, “Using a satellite-aircraft hybrid system based on the same sensor to monitor oil and gas facilities for methane emissions,” The APPEA Journal, vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 384–388, 2021. doi: https://doi.org/10.1071/AJ20182.

M. R. Harrison, R. M. Cowgill, L. M. Campbell, and R. A. Lott, Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Industry, vols. 1–15, Final Rep. GRI-94/0257 and EPA-600/R-96-080. Research Triangle Park, NC, USA: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, 1996. [Online]. Available: https://www.epa.gov/natural-gas-star-program/methane-emissions-natural-gas-industry.

D. A. Kirchgessner, R. A. Lott, R. M. Cowgill, M. R. Harrison, and T. M. Shires, “Estimate of methane emissions from the U.S. natural gas industry,” Chemosphere, vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 1365–1390, 1997. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(97)00236-1.

D. J. Zimmerle et al., “Methane emissions from the natural gas transmission and storage system in the United States,” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 49, no. 15, pp. 9374–9383, 2015. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b01669.

R. Patyńska, “Methodology of estimation of methane emissions from coal mines in Poland,” Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 89–101, 2014. doi: https://doi.org/10.2478/sgem-2014-0011.

A. Singh et al., “Satellite-based quantification of methane emissions from wetlands and rice paddies ecosystem in North and Northeast India,” Hydrobiology, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 317–330, 2022. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrobiology1030023.

H. Q. Bang and V. H. N. Khue, “Air emission inventory,” in Air Pollution—Monitoring, Quantification and Removal of Gases and Particles, J. Del Real Olvera, Ed. London, U.K.: IntechOpen, 2018. doi: https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.79928.

M. Crippa et al., CO₂ Emissions of All World Countries: JRC/IEA/PBL 2022 Report, EUR 31182 EN. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2022. doi: https://doi.org/10.2760/07904.

S. V. Kumar, G. A. A. Mary, and M. Mahdal, “Integrated edge deployable fault diagnostic algorithm for the Internet of Things (IoT): A methane sensing application,” Sensors, vol. 23, no. 14, Art. no. 6266, 2023. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/s23146266.

A. Pandey, O. Momeni, and P. Pandey, “Design and implementation of IoT-enabled device for real-time monitoring of greenhouse gas emissions, and pressure in anaerobic reactors,” IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 133848–133862, 2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3449217.

D. H. Cusworth et al., “Intermittency of large methane emitters in the Permian Basin,” Environmental Science & Technology Letters, vol. 8, no. 7, pp. 567–573, 2021. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.1c00173.

T. R. Scarpelli et al., “Updated global fuel exploitation inventory (GFEI) for methane emissions from the oil, gas, and coal sectors: Evaluation with inversions of atmospheric methane observations,” Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 3235–3249, 2022. doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3235-2022.

M. Dadashzadeh, F. Khan, K. Hawboldt, and R. Abbassi, “Emission factor estimation for oil and gas facilities,” Process Safety and Environmental Protection, vol. 89, no. 5, pp. 295–299, 2011. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2011.06.005

D. R. Lyon et al., “Constructing a spatially resolved methane emission inventory for the Barnett Shale region,” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 49, no. 13, pp. 8147–8157, 2015. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/es506359c.

A. Karion et al., “Aircraft-based estimate of total methane emissions from the Barnett Shale region,” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 49, no. 13, pp. 8124–8131, 2015. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b00217.

L. Höglund-Isaksson, A. Gómez-Sanabria, Z. Klimont, P. Rafaj, and W. Schöpp, “Technical potentials and costs for reducing global anthropogenic methane emissions in the 2050 timeframe—Results from the GAINS model,” Environmental Research Communications, vol. 2, no. 2, Art. no. 025004, 2020. doi: https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/ab7457.

X. Li, Y. Zhang, G. de Leeuw, X. Yao, Z. He, H. Wu, and Z. Yang, “A review of city-scale methane flux inversion based on top-down methods,” Remote Sensing, vol. 17, no. 18, Art. no. 3152, 2025. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17183152.

Environment Agency, Quantifying Methane Emissions Using Inverse Dispersion Modelling. Bristol, U.K.: Environment Agency, Sep. 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/quantifying-methane-emissions-using-inverse-dispersion-modelling.

Z. Barkley et al., “Quantification of oil and gas methane emissions in the Delaware and Marcellus basins using a network of continuous tower-based measurements,” Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol. 23, pp. 6127–6144, 2023. doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6127-2023.

M. J. Krause, G. W. Chickering, T. G. Townsend, and D. R. Reinhart, “Critical review of the methane generation potential of municipal solid waste,” Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 46, no. 13, pp. 1117–1182, 2016. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2016.1204812.

A. E. Esiri, O. A. Babayeju, and I. O. Ekemezie, “Standardizing methane emission monitoring: A global policy perspective for the oil and gas industry,” Engineering Science & Technology Journal, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 2027–2038, 2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.51594/estj.v5i6.1220.

I. Jahan, M. Mehana, G. Matheou, and H. Viswanathan, “Deep learning-based quantifications of methane emissions with field applications,” International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, vol. 132, Art. no. 104018, 2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2024.104018.

A. Li, A. Pandey, and P. Pandey, “Application of IoT in monitoring greenhouse gas emissions in anaerobic reactors,” Energies, vol. 18, no. 23, Art. no. 6191, 2025. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236191.

D. K. Chauhan, I. Alkatheeri, and J. J. Saceda, “Accelerating to net zero goal through efficient methane emissions management,” in Proc. SPE International Conference and Exhibition on Health, Safety, Environment, and Sustainability, Abu Dhabi, UAE, 2024, Art. no. SPE-220284-MS. doi: https://doi.org/10.2118/220284-MS.

H. Xia, A. Strayer, and A. P. Ravikumar, “The role of emission size distribution on the efficacy of new technologies to reduce methane emissions from the oil and gas sector,” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 1088–1096, 2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c05245.

S. Suditu et al., “A case study on advanced detection and management of fugitive methane emissions in the Romanian oil and gas sector,” Sustainability, vol. 17, no. 24, Art. no. 11359, 2025. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/su172411359.

J. G. J. Olivier, J. J. M. Berdowski, J. A. H. W. Peters, J. Bakker, A. J. H. Visschedijk, and J. J. Bloos, Applications of EDGAR Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research, RIVM Rep. no. 773301001. Bilthoven, The Netherlands: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 2002. [Online]. Available: https://www.rivm.nl/publicaties/applications-of-edgar-emission-database-for-global-atmospheric-research.

M. Crippa et al., “Gridded emissions of air pollutants for the period 1970–2012 within EDGAR v4.3.2,” Earth System Science Data, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 1987–2013, 2018. doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-1987-2018.

G. Janssens-Maenhout et al., “EDGAR v4.3.2 Global Atlas of the three major greenhouse gas emissions for the period 1970–2012,” Earth System Science Data, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 959–1002, 2019. doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-959-2019.

K. MacKay et al., “Methane emissions from upstream oil and gas production in Canada are underestimated,” Scientific Reports, vol. 11, Art. no. 8041, 2021. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-87610-3.

D. Zavala-Araiza et al., “Reconciling divergent estimates of oil and gas methane emissions,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 112, no. 51, pp. 15597–15602, 2015. doi: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1522126112.

P. Balcombe, K. Anderson, J. Speirs, N. Brandon, and A. Hawkes, “The natural gas supply chain: The importance of methane and carbon dioxide emissions,” ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 3–20, 2017. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b00144.

N. Bel Hadj Ali, T. Abichou, and R. Green, “Comparing estimates of fugitive landfill methane emissions using inverse plume modeling obtained with Surface Emission Monitoring (SEM), Drone Emission Monitoring (DEM), and Downwind Plume Emission Monitoring (DWPEM),” Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, vol. 70, no. 4, pp. 410–424, 2020. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2020.1728423.

T. H. Mohammadloo et al., “Quantitative estimate of several sources of uncertainty in drone-based methane emission measurements,” Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 1301–1324, 2025. doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-1301-2025.

D. Fosco, M. De Molfetta, P. Renzulli, B. Notarnicola, C. Carella, and G. Fedele, “Innovative drone-based methodology for quantifying methane emissions from landfills,” Waste Management, vol. 195, pp. 79–91, 2025. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2025.01.033.

C. Scheutz, J. E. Knudsen, N. T. Vechi, and J. Knudsen, “Validation and demonstration of a drone-based method for quantifying fugitive methane emissions,” Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 373, Art. no. 123467, 2025. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.123467.

G. Pétron et al., “A new look at methane and nonmethane hydrocarbon emissions from oil and natural gas operations in the Colorado Denver-Julesburg Basin,” Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol. 119, no. 11, pp. 6836–6852, 2014. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD021272.

M. Omara et al., “Constructing a measurement-based spatially explicit inventory of US oil and gas methane emissions (2021),” Earth System Science Data, vol. 16, no. 9, pp. 3973–3991, 2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3973-2024.

M. Cain et al., “Methane and the Paris Agreement temperature goals,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, vol. 380, no. 2215, Art. no. 20200456, 2022. doi: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2020.0456.

B. Rouet-Leduc and C. Hulbert, “Automatic detection of methane emissions in multispectral satellite imagery using a vision transformer,” Nature Communications, vol. 15, Art. no. 3801, 2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-47754-y.

S. Sun, L. Ma, and Z. Li, “A source-level estimation and uncertainty analysis of methane emission in China’s oil and natural gas sector,” Energies, vol. 15, no. 10, Art. no. 3684, 2022. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/en15103684.

G. Tassielli, L. Cananà, and M. Spalatro, “Detection of methane leaks via a drone-based system for sustainable landfills and oil and gas facilities: Effect of different variables on the background-noise measurement,” Sustainability, vol. 16, no. 17, Art. no. 7748, 2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177748.

P. Bouilhol et al., “Use of drone technology for methane emissions quantification—Level 4 and Level 5 reconciliation as per OGMP,” in Proc. Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference, 2024, Art. no. SPE-221956-MS. doi: https://doi.org/10.2118/221956-MS.

Y. Li et al., “Top-down inversion of urban-scale sectoral methane (CH₄) emissions and their response to environmental drivers,” Atmospheric Environment, vol. 363, Art. no. 121621, 2025. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121621.

M. K. Tenkanen et al., “Partitioning anthropogenic and natural methane emissions in Finland during 2000–2021 by combining bottom-up and top-down estimates,” Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 2181–2206, 2025. doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2181-2025.

E. Chan et al., “Hybrid bottom-up and top-down framework resolves discrepancies in Canada’s oil and gas methane inventories,” Communications Earth & Environment, vol. 5, Art. no. 566, 2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01728-6.

B. M. Conrad, D. R. Tyner, H. Z. Li, D. Xie, and M. R. Johnson, “A measurement-based upstream oil and gas methane inventory for Alberta, Canada reveals higher emissions and different sources than official estimates,” Communications Earth & Environment, vol. 4, Art. no. 416, 2023. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-01081-0.

A. B. Andrews et al., “Quantitative mapping of methane emissions in oil & gas facilities,” in Proc. SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, 2023, Art. no. SPE-214909-MS. doi: https://doi.org/10.2118/214909-MS.

W. S. Daniels et al., “Toward multiscale measurement-informed methane inventories: Reconciling bottom-up site-level inventories with top-down measurements using continuous monitoring systems,” Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 57, no. 32, pp. 11823–11833, 2023. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c01121.

S. Schwietzke, W. M. Griffin, H. S. Matthews, and L. M. P. Bruhwiler, “Global bottom-up fossil fuel fugitive methane and ethane emissions inventory for atmospheric modeling,” ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, vol. 2, no. 8, pp. 1992–2001, 2014. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/sc500163h