Experimental and Numerical Study of Ballistic Impact Performance on Steel Plate Structures
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31272/jeasd.2782Keywords:
Armor Perforation, Ballistic Impact, Finite Element Method, Johnson-Cook model, LS-DYNAAbstract
High-strength steel plates are commonly employed in civil and military vehicles to provide ballistic protection against various threat levels. In this work, experimental tests involved shooting a 2 mm steel target (150×150 mm) with a Parabellum 9 × 19 full metal jacket projectiles moving at a ballistic velocity of 370 m/s. On the other hand, numerical work was conducted to simulate the same event using LS-DYNA, an explicit finite element code. The objective of this work was to demonstrate the capability of LS-DYNA software in simulating the effects of ballistic impact and analyzing the performance of steel plate armor. The numerical analysis demonstrated that all constitutive relations effectively predicted the qualitative behavior of the physical mechanisms during perforation. The influence of fracture criteria on numerical simulations of the perforation process was investigated. Detailed discussions were provided regarding the reasons behind these findings. For practical applications, the suitable selection of the type of constitutive model and criterion of fracture employing the finite element method (FEM) leads to an excellent agreement with the experimental results of projectile impacts on steel targets under the same conditions.
References
] M. Naik, Pranay, V, Thakur, DG, Chandel, Sunil, Salunkhe, Sachin, Pagac, Marek, Abouel Nasr, Emad S "Numerical investigation on effect of different projectile nose shapes on ballistic impact of additively manufactured AlSi10Mg alloy," Frontiers in Materials, vol. 11, p. 1330597, 2024. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2024.1330597
] P. Fernando, Mohotti, Damith, Remennikov, Alex, Hazell, PJ, Wang, H, Amin, Ali "Experimental, numerical and analytical study on the shock wave propagation through impedance-graded multi-metallic systems," International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, vol. 178, p. 105621, 2020.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2020.105621
] A. M. Petrudi, Vahedi, Khodadad, Rahmani, Masoud, Petrudi, MohammadAli Moslemi "Numerical and analytical simulation of ballistic projectile penetration due to high velocity impact on ceramic target," Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, vol. 14, no. 54, pp. 226-248, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3221/IGF-ESIS.54.17
] E. Palta, Fang, Hongbing, Weggel, David C "Finite element analysis of the Advanced Combat Helmet under various ballistic impacts," International Journal of Impact Engineering, vol. 112, pp. 125-143, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2017.10.010
] M. Mosa, Fahem, Ali, Guthai, Achyuth Thumbalam "Experimental investigation of perforated multi-layered composite armor subjected to ballistic impact," Al-Qadisiyah Journal for Engineering Sciences, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 16-21, 2024.https://doi.org/10.30772/qjes.2024.146005.1083
] L. Peterson, Horstemeyer, Mark, Lacy, Thomas, Moser, Robert "Using an Internal State Variable Model Framework to Investigate the Influence of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties on Ballistic Performance of Steel Alloys," Metals, vol. 13, no. 7, p. 1285, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13071285
] J. Pinkos, Stempien, Zbigniew, Małkowska, Magdalena "Numerical and experimental analysis of ballistic performance in hybrid soft armours composed of para-aramid triaxial and biaxial woven fabrics," AUTEX Research Journal, vol. 24, no. 1, p. 20230022, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1515/aut-2023-0022
] Z. Gao, Chen, Yeqing, Wang, Zhenqing, Li, Shutao, Wei, Wanli, Chen, Jialin "Shattering Effect Study of Aramid–Steel Composite Target Plates under Localized Blast Loading," Sustainability, vol. 15, no. 5, p. 4160, 2023.https://doi.org/10.3390/su15054160
] M. H. Mosa, Hamza, Mohsin Noori, "Influence of selection materials and construction techniques on the ballistic performance of armors: A review," in AIP Conference Proceedings, 2021, vol. 2404, no. 1: AIP Publishing.https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0068916
] B. Liu, Soares, C Guedes "Effect of strain rate on dynamic responses of laterally impacted steel plates," International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, vol. 160, pp. 307-317, 2019.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2019.06.034
] J. K. Holmen, Hopperstad, Odd Sture, Børvik, Tore "Low-velocity impact on multi-layered dual-phase steel plates," International Journal of Impact Engineering, vol. 78, pp. 161-177, 2015.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2014.12.005
] S. Choudhary, Singh, Pundan Kumar, Khare, Sangeeta, Kumar, Krishna, Mahajan, Puneet, Verma, Rahul Kumar "Ballistic impact behaviour of newly developed armour grade steel: an experimental and numerical study," International Journal of Impact Engineering, vol. 140, p. 103557, 2020.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2020.103557
] R. Zhang, Qiang, Lu-Sheng, Han, Bin, Zhao, Zhen-Yu, Zhang, Qian-Cheng, Ni, Chang-Ye, Lu, Tian Jian "Ballistic performance of UHMWPE laminated plates and UHMWPE encapsulated aluminum structures: Numerical simulation," Composite Structures, vol. 252, p. 112686, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.112686
] H. Tawfiq, Ghlaim, Kadhim H, Al-Hilli, Ali Hussain "Effects of hybrid arrangement and location of the stronger layer on the impact resistance of composite plate target," Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 111-126, 2009. https://jeasd.uomustansiriyah.edu.iq/index.php/jeasd/article/view/1538
] J. Black, Premo, Ryan, Goldberg, Robert K, Ricks, Trenton M, Lyons, Troy, Kim, Han-Gyu "Multi-Scale Experimental Characterization for LS-DYNA MAT213 Modeling of Composite Structures under High Strain Rate," arXiv preprint arXiv:11316, 2024. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2403.11316
] A. Shokry, Gowid, Samer, Mulki, Hasan, Kharmanda, Ghais "On the prediction of the flow behavior of metals and alloys at a wide range of temperatures and strain rates using Johnson–Cook and modified Johnson–Cook-based models: a review," Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 16, no. 4, p. 1574, 2023.https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16041574
] V. K. R. Sirigiri, Gudiga, Vinith Yadav, Gattu, Uday Shankar, Suneesh, G, Buddaraju, Krishna Mohan "A review on Johnson Cook material model," Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 62, pp. 3450-3456, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.04.279
] R. Rai, Kumar, Gaurav, Dagar, Sagar, Somashekar, V, Mboreha, Chanfiou Ahmed, Modi, Priyank "Numerical simulation of ballistic impact on aluminium 5083-H116 plate with Johnson cook plasticity model," Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 46, pp. 10619-10627, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.01.373
] J. Dean, Dunleavy, CS, Brown, PM, Clyne, J, "Energy absorption during projectile perforation of thin steel plates and the kinetic energy of ejected fragments," International Journal of Impact Engineering, vol. 36, no. 10-11, pp. 1250-1258, 2009.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2009.05.002
] D. Mohotti, Fernando, PLN, Weerasinghe, Dakshitha, Remennikov, Alex "Evaluation of effectiveness of polymer coatings in reducing blast-induced deformation of steel plates," Defence Technology, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 1895-1904, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dt.2020.11.009
Downloads
Key Dates
Received
Revised
Accepted
Published Online First
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhanad Hamed Mosa Alawsi, Ali Muslem Abed, Salah M. Ali Al-Obaidi (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
