Improving Energy Performance in Smart Buildings Through Information and Communication Technology: A State-of-The-Art Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31272/jeasd.2550Keywords:
Building Automation, Building Management Systems, Energy and Building, Feedback Loops, Information and Communication TechnologyAbstract
Buildings have become the primary energy consumer due to increased outdoor temperature rates due to global warming and climate change. Building Management Systems (BMS) are considered a key tool in improving energy management through automation, which relies on Information and Communications Technology (ICT) applications, leading to the emergence of smart buildings as an effective solution. However, a proper theoretical framework for integrating solutions at various levels remains lacking. This research aims to clarify the integrative relationship and its role in building automation to achieve optimal interaction between occupants and the building, focusing on using BMS to attain energy efficiency. Recent literature on integrating ICT with BMS has been reviewed to classify different variables and factors impacting the work topic. An overview of the current state of knowledge has been provided, and a comprehensive table of all potential factors, parameters, technologies, and tools at various levels (such as sensor level, device level, communication level, occupant comfort level, and communication with occupants) has been developed. This facilitates the development of a theoretical framework, which can serve as a basis for a practical decision-making tool to help designers make the best design decisions.
References
A. W. Abbood, K. M. Al-Obaidi, H. Awang, and A. M. Abdul Rahman, "Achieving energy efficiency through industrialized building system for residential buildings in Iraq," International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 78-90, 2015/06/01/ 2015, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsbe.2015.02.002.
K. G. Van Den Wymelenberg, "Visual Comfort, Discomfort Glare, and Occupant Fenestration Control: Developing a Research Agenda," LEUKOS, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 207-221, 2014/10/02 2014, doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/15502724.2014.939004.
[. F. Taha, “Building Energy Management Using BIM Technique: Iraq Construction Projects as a Case Study,” Diyala Journal of Engineering Sciences, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 91–100, Sep. 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.24237/djes.2020.13309.
R. Z. Homod, H. Togun, H. J. Abd, and K. S. M. Sahari, "A novel hybrid modeling structure fabricated by using Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy to forecast HVAC systems energy demand in real-time for Basra city," Sustainable Cities and Society, vol. 56, p. 102091, 2020/05/01/ 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102091.
N. A. Al-Qaysi, Y. A. Ebraheem, and S. N. Kharufa, "Thermal simulation of custom designed house to test application of new cooling methods," The Iraqi Journal of Architecture and Planning, vol. 7, no. 14, pp. 62-75, 2008, doi: https://doi.org/10.36041/iqjap.v4i1&2.236.
R. Z. Homod, A. Almusaed, A. Almssad, M. K. Jaafar, M. Goodarzi, and K. S. Sahari, "Effect of different building envelope materials on thermal comfort and air-conditioning energy savings: A case study in Basra city, Iraq," Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 34, p. 101975, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2020.101975.
IEA. "How is energy used in Iraq." International Energy Agency. https://www.iea.org/countries/iraq/efficiency-demand (accessed 2024.
F. J. Bellido-Outeirino, J. M. Flores-Arias, F. Domingo-Perez, A. Gil-de-Castro, and A. Moreno-Munoz, "Building lighting automation through the integration of DALI with wireless sensor networks," IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 47-52, 2012, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/TCE.2012.6170054.
E. Attia and M. Elbeheery, "The Integrated Technological Systems and Elements in The Smart Interactive Office Buildings," Journal of Engineering Research, vol. 4, no. December, pp. 80-88, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://journals.ekb.eg/article_198756_b2a9be3a262aa550b012929b66f81da7.pdf.
K. M. Abdul Sami Gharib and K. Masoud, "A research study on the consequences of developing existing administrative buildings from traditional to smart," Journal of Al-Azhar University Engineering Sector, vol. 11, no. 38, pp. 287-294, 2016. https://jaes.journals.ekb.eg/article_33705_c3810557fd810b1c1ffaea7c123a5a9f.pdf
S. Ridha, S. Ginestet, and S. Lorente, "Adopting a sustainable urban design to improve thermal comfort in an arid climate," Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 171-179, 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.31272/jeasd.27.2.2.
M. Rouse, "Information and Communications Technology (ICT)," techopedia, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/24152/information-and-communications-technology-ict.
Merriam-webster, in Merriam-webster, ed, 2023.https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/information%20technology#h1.
D. M. Al-Hashemi, Mass Communication Technology - Introduction to Communication and Modern Technologies. Osama Publishing and Distribution House, 2012.https://www.library.pass.ps/book-9652-ar.html
N. Iron, "Internet technology and the institution's qualification to integrate into the global economy," PhD, Faculty of Economics, University of Algiers, 51-53, 2007. https://dspace.univ-alger3.dz/jspui/handle/123456789/1085
AMANDEEP and M. B. A. e. M.COM (NET). "Role Of Ict In Business Management: A Conceptual Review." International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT) vol. 8, no. 8, 2020 (accessed 2024). https://ijcrt.org/,
M. F. Collen and C. A. Kulikowski, "The Development of Digital Computers," in The History of Medical Informatics in the United States, M. F. Collen and M. J. Ball Eds. London: Springer London, 2015, pp. 3-73.https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4471-6732-7_1
E. Gregersen. https://www.britannica.com/list/5-components-of-information-systems (accessed 2022).
I. Saber. "IT System Components." https://mawdoo3.com (accessed 2022).
L. Purus, "Characteristics of Information and Communication Technologies and their roles in daily life," Scenerise, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.scenerise.com/characteristics-of-information-and-communication-technologies-and-their-roles-in-daily-life/.
R. Rawte, "The role of ICT in creating intelligent, energy-efficient buildings," Energy Procedia, vol. 143, pp. 150-153, 2017/12/01/ 2017, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.12.663.
A. Kumar, S. Sharma, N. Goyal, A. Singh, X. Cheng, and P. Singh, "Secure and energy-efficient smart building architecture with emerging technology IoT," Computer Communications, vol. 176, pp. 207-217, 2021/08/01/ 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2021.06.003.
E. El-Hussieny, "How to have a Smart City that Achieves Sustainability with Green Architecture Concepts," Resourceedings, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 22-32, 03/31 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.21625/resourceedings.v3i1.948.
O. Omar, "Intelligent building, definitions, factors and evaluation criteria of selection," Alexandria Engineering Journal, vol. 57, 11/01 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2018.07.004.
A. H. Buckman, M. Mayfield, and S. B.M. Beck, "What is a Smart Building?," Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 92-109, 2014, doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/sasbe-01-2014-0003.
Rua Abd Kudhaer, "Review of the Use of Sustainable Materials in the Production of Building Units," Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 550-560, 07/01 2024, doi: https://doi.org/10.31272/jeasd.28.4.14.
M. Ghorbanzadeh and A. Nezami, "Smart Architecture Contribution To Achieving Sustainable Architecture Realization," in International Workshop on Applied Reconfigurable Computing, 2010. [Online]. Available: https://www.witpress.com/elibrary/wit-transactions-on-the-built-environment/128/20807. [Online]. Available: https://www.witpress.com/elibrary/wit-transactions-on-the-built-environment/128/20807
L. Q. Al Rawi and K. A. Wahhab, "Simulation of The Application of an Adaptive Smart Envelope to an Existing Building in Rhinoceros Grasshopper," Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. A012-A026, 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.29194/NJES.2503A012.
Khaled, S. Krawczyk, and Robert, "Overview of Intelligent Architecture," eDesign in Architecture: ASCAAD's First International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design, 7-9 December 2004, KFUPM, Saudi Arabia, 01/28 2004. [Online]. Available: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=7bb3ded96074dcb1431176dda5e8a8442a431a50#page=152.
R. Ayyoub, M. Mohamed, Maged, M. Aqaba, Ehab, and Mahmoud, "Smart Building Architecture from a User-Friendly Perspective," Fayoum University Journal of Engineering, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1-25, 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.21608/fuje.2018.17867.
E. Attia and M. Elbeheery, " The Integrated Technological Systems and Elements in The Smart Interactive Office Buildings," Journal of Engineering Research, vol. 4, no. December, pp. 80-88, 2020.https://digitalcommons.aaru.edu.jo/erjeng/vol4/iss2/10/
F., Mariangela, C., Christine, A. G., André Luis, H., Assed, H., Ahmed W. A., and S., Carlos, "Smart Buildings: Systems and Drivers," Buildings, vol. 10, p. 153, 09/02 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings10090153.
S. Babu et al., "Investigation of an integrated automated blinds and dimmable lighting system for tropical climate in a rotatable testbed facility," Energy and Buildings, vol. 183, pp. 356-376, 2019/01/15/ 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.11.007.
A. A. Sophie van Roosmale, Jasmine Meysman, and Facilities, "Understanding the opportunities and challenges of building automation and control systems to support facility management – an extensive literature review," Facilities Geniuses, vol. 42, no. 7/8, pp. 677-693, 2024, doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/F-05-2023-0042.
D.-A. B. Le. "IoT Solutions for Smart Building Automation System." https://gemvietnam.com/internet-of-things/smart-building-automation-system/ (accessed 2023).
J. Lazim, S. Sarip, A. Rahman, M. Hassan, and S. Aziz, "Energy Management Strategies at Emergency Department Block C Hospital Sungai Buloh, Malaysia," Applied Mechanics and Materials, vol. 735, pp. 243-246, 2015, doi: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.735.243.
L. H. Al-Farhani and A. A. Varfolomeev, "Blockchain Fog-based scheme for identity authentication in smart building," Al-Qadisiyah Journal for Engineering Sciences, vol. 16, no. 3, 2023, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.30772/qjes.1999.180617.
B. Ghazal and K. Al-Khatib, "Smart home automation system for elderly and handicapped people using XBee," International Journal of Smart Home, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 203-210, 2015. [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Bilal-Ghazal/publication/283232425_Smart_Home_Automation_System_for_Elderly_and_Handicapped_People_using_XBee/links/56a4932608ae1b6511325349/Smart-Home-Automation-System-for-Elderly-and-Handicapped-People-using-XBee.pdf.
M. Abdallah, K. El-Rayes, and L. Liu, "Economic and GHG emission analysis of implementing sustainable measures in existing public buildings," Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, vol. 30, no. 6, p. 04016055, 2016, doi: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000911.
G. Lin, Y. Yang, F. Pan, S. Zhang, F. Wang, and S. Fan, "An optimal energy-saving strategy for home energy management systems with bounded customer rationality," Future Internet, vol. 11, no. 4, p. 88, 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/fi11040088.
L. Gomes, C. Ramos, A. Jozi, B. Serra, L. Paiva, and Z. Vale, "IoH: a platform for the intelligence of home with a context awareness and ambient intelligence approach," Future Internet, vol. 11, no. 3, p. 58, 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/fi11030058.
F. Oldewurtel, D. Sturzenegger, and M. Morari, "Importance of occupancy information for building climate control," Applied Energy, vol. 101, pp. 521-532, 2013/01/01/ 2013, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.06.014.
Y. Agarwal, B. Balaji, R. Gupta, J. Lyles, M. Wei, and T. Weng, "Occupancy-driven energy management for smart building automation," presented at the Proceedings of the 2nd ACM Workshop on Embedded Sensing Systems for Energy-Efficiency in Building, Zurich, Switzerland, 2010. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1145/1878431.1878433.
E. Soltanaghaei and K. Whitehouse, "Practical occupancy detection for programmable and smart thermostats," Applied Energy, vol. 220, pp. 842-855, 2018/06/15/ 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.11.024.
B. Mataloto, J. C. Ferreira, and N. Cruz, "LoBEMS—IoT for building and energy management systems," Electronics, vol. 8, no. 7, p. 763, 2019.https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8070763
T. Iwata, T. Taniguchi, and R. Sakuma, "Automated blind control based on glare prevention with dimmable light in open-plan offices," Building and Environment, vol. 113, pp. 232-246, 2017/02/15/ 2017, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.08.034.
Y. Wu, J. H. Kämpf, and J.-L. Scartezzini, "Automated ‘Eye-sight’Venetian blinds based on an embedded photometric device with real-time daylighting computing," Applied Energy, vol. 252, p. 113317, 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113317.
F. M. Kareem, A. M. Abd, and R. N. Zehawi, "Utilize BIM Technology for Achieving Sustainable Passengers Terminal in Baghdad International Airport," Diyala Journal of Engineering Sciences, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 62-78, 12/06 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.24237/djes.2021.14406.
Y. Chen, T. Hong, and M. A. Piette, "Automatic generation and simulation of urban building energy models based on city datasets for city-scale building retrofit analysis," Applied Energy, vol. 205, pp. 323-335, 2017/11/01/ 2017, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.07.128.
J. A. Hoyo-Montaño, G. Valencia-Palomo, R. A. Galaz-Bustamante, A. García-Barrientos, and D. F. Espejel-Blanco, "Environmental impacts of energy saving actions in an academic building," Sustainability, vol. 11, no. 4, p. 989, 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11040989.
E. A. Skinner, "A guide to constructs of control," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 71, no. 3, p. 549, 1996, doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.71.3.549.
L. Al-Haddad et al., "Enhancing building sustainability through aerodynamic shading devices: an integrated design methodology using finite element analysis and optimized neural networks," Asian Journal of Civil Engineering, vol. 25, pp. 1-14, 04/20 2024, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42107-024-01047-3.
A. Eltaweel and S. Yuehong, "Using integrated parametric control to achieve better daylighting uniformity in an office room: A multi-step comparison study," Energy and Buildings, vol. 152, pp. 137-148, 2017/10/01/ 2017, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.07.033.
H. Kim, K.-s. Park, H.-y. Kim, and Y.-h. Song, "Study on variation of internal heat gain in office buildings by chronology," Energies, vol. 11, no. 4, p. 1013, 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/en11041013.
Q. Lin, C. Luo, H. Cai, and H. Xiao, "A Coupling Control Model of Color Temperature and Illumination in Naturally Lighted Room Based on Evolutionary Algorithm," Sensors & Materials, vol. 31, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://sensors.myu-group.co.jp/article.php?ss=2414.
A. Pellegrino, V. R. L. Verso, L. Blaso, A. Acquaviva, E. Patti, and A. Osello, "Lighting control and monitoring for energy efficiency: A case study focused on the interoperability of building management systems," IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 2627-2637, 2016, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2016.2526969.
E. Bonnema, S. Pless, and I. Doebber, "Advanced energy design guide for small hospitals and healthcare facilities," Journal of Healthcare Engineering, vol. 1, pp. 277-296, 2010, doi: https://doi.org/10.1260/2040-2295.1.2.277.
H. R. d. N. Costa and A. La Neve, "Study on application of a neuro-fuzzy models in air conditioning systems," Soft Computing, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 929-937, 2015/04/01 2015, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-014-1431-5.
S. Thyer, S. Thomas, C. McClintock, and M. Ridd, "Optimising energy use in an existing commercial building: a case study of Australia’s Reef HQ Aquarium," Energy Efficiency, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 147-168, 2018/01/01 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12053-017-9556-x.
F. Pan, G. Y. Lin, J. Lin, S. Fan, G. He, and K. Jia, "Design and Simulation of the Autonomous Decentralized Dispatching System of Generalized Demand Side Resources," in 2018 IEEE Innovative Smart Grid Technologies - Asia (ISGT Asia), 22-25 May 2018 2018, pp. 534-539, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGT-Asia.2018.8467786.
R. Tesiero, N. Nassif, H. Singh, and C. Graydon, "Low-Tech/No-Cost" Control Strategies to Save Energy in K-12 Schools," ASHRAE Transactions, vol. 120, no. 1, 2014. [Online]. Available: https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=00012505&AN=96045465&h=zFITIuZc5TrRMWHVsIoUWw%2FmLpylw4Rze9ix9pJHrHX1KrVT%2BzWzG1JLSqqpIYyMDMK%2BT%2BBt2mzBO0m2cWe4lw%3D%3D&crl=c.
F. Shu, M. N. Halgamuge, and W. Chen, "Building automation systems using wireless sensor networks: radio characteristics and energy efficient communication protocols," Electronic Journal of Structural Engineering, no. 01, pp. 66-73, 2009, doi: https://doi.org/10.56748/ejse.11101.
E. A. Hussien and G. Abdulkareem, "Rayleigh Fading Channel Estimation Based On Generalized Regression Neural Network," Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 363-374, 2023.https://www.iasj.net/iasj/download/ab2f6ebaec3ffdc3
N. Kim, A. Andonova, and M. Kang, "Normalized Step Size Approach To Signal Processing Based On Lagged Cross-Correlation Of Probability," Journal of Theoretical & Applied Information Technology, vol. 89, no. 2, 2016. [Online]. Available: http://www.jatit.org/volumes/Vol89No2/12Vol89No2.pdf.
V. Marinakis, H. Doukas, C. Karakosta, and J. Psarras, "An integrated system for buildings’ energy-efficient automation: Application in the tertiary sector," Applied Energy, vol. 101, pp. 6-14, 2013/01/01/ 2013, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.05.032.
X. F. Hu, "Study on the influence of energy saving control system for intelligent building based on internet of things technology," Applied Mechanics and Materials, vol. 608, pp. 1066-1070, 2014, doi: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.608-609.1066.
J. L. Hernández, R. Sanz, Á. Corredera, R. Palomar, and I. Lacave, "A Fuzzy-Based Building Energy Management System for Energy Efficiency," Buildings, vol. 8, no. 2, p. 14, 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings8020014.
R. Adhikari, M. Pipattanasomporn, and S. Rahman, "An algorithm for optimal management of aggregated HVAC power demand using smart thermostats," Applied Energy, vol. 217, pp. 166-177, 2018/05/01/ 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.02.085.
B. Dong, D. Yan, Z. Li, Y. Jin, X. Feng, and H. Fontenot, "Modeling occupancy and behavior for better building design and operation—A critical review," Building Simulation, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 899-921, 2018/10/01 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12273-018-0452-x.
Downloads
Key Dates
Received
Revised
Accepted
Published Online First
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Khalid A. Karoon, Yahya Ibraheem, Poorang Piroozfar (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
