Effect of Acid Attack on the Performance of Reactive Powder Concrete Incorporating Supplementary Cementitious Materials
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31272/jeasd.2227Keywords:
Acid attack, Concrete deterioration, Durability, Reactive powder concrete, Sulfuric acid, Supplementary cementitious materialsAbstract
Evaluating the effect of acid attack on concrete performance in harsh environments has been interesting for many researchers. This study investigated the effect of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) on improving the acid resistance of reactive powder concrete (RPC). Three RPC mixes, including a control, a mixture with 25% replacement of cement by fly ash, and a mixture with 25% replacement of cement with slag, were exposed to a 3% sulfuric acid solution. The deterioration of RPC was evaluated based on mechanical properties and weight loss. The results indicate that RPC mixtures containing fly ash or slag could improve their acid resistance. Slag induced the best acid resistance among 3-day cured mixtures, with 28% and 26% compressive and tensile strength loss, respectively. At the same time, fly ash induced the best acid resistance among 28-day cured mixtures, with a 29% compressive and tensile strength loss. The control mixture exhibited the highest weight loss after 56 days of exposure, with 22% and 14% for 3 and 28 days of curing, respectively, compared to other mixtures containing fly ash or slag, indicating that the use of SCMs can improve the resistance of RPC to sulfuric acid and enhance its durability.
References
M. M. Salman, Q. J. Frayyeh, and L. A. Zghair, “Stress –Strain Diagram Of Self-Consolidating Concrete Subjected To Chemical Attack,” Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 105–114, Sep. 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.31272/jeasd.26.5.10
F. Yang, Y. Zhao, T. Wang, Y. Song, G. Jiang, and M. Wu, “Advances on Corrosion-Resistant Concrete for Sewers,” Engineering Materials, pp. 185–218, 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29941-4_9
P. Richard and M. Cheyrezy, “Composition of Reactive Powder Concretes,” Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 25, no. 7, pp. 1501–1511, Oct. 1995, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(95)00144-2
Supriya, R. Chaudhury, U. Sharma, P. C. Thapliyal, and L. P. Singh, “Low-CO2 Emission Strategies to Achieve Net Zero Target in Cement Sector,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 417, p. 137466, Sep. 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.137466
S. Barbhuiya and D. Kumala, “Behaviour of a Sustainable Concrete in Acidic Environment,” Sustainability, vol. 9, no. 9, p. 1556, Sep. 2017, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091556
K. J. Rao, K. Keerthi, and S. Vasam, “Acid Resistance of Quaternary Blended Recycled Aggregate Concrete,” Case Studies in Construction Materials, vol. 8, pp. 423–433, Jun. 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2018.03.005
A. L. T. Torres, L. M. S. de Souza, M. I. P. da Silva, and F. de Andrade Silva, “Concrete Degradation Mechanisms by Sulfuric Acid Attack,” Magazine of Concrete Research, vol. 71, no. 7, pp. 349–361, Apr. 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.1680/jmacr.18.00194
Y. Aygörmez and O. Canpolat, “Long-term Sulfuric and Hydrochloric Acid Resistance of Silica Fume and Colemanite Waste Reinforced metakaolin-based Geopolymers,” Revista de la construcción, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 291–307, Aug. 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.7764/rdlc.20.2.291
A. A. Dhundasi, R. B. Khadiranaikar, A. A. Momin, and K. Motagi, “An Experimental Investigation on Durability Properties of Reactive Powder Concrete,” International Journal of Engineering, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 327–336, 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.5829/ije.2022.35.02b.08
F. Z. Youssari, O. Taleb, and A. S. Benosman, “Towards Understanding the Behavior of fiber-reinforced Concrete in Aggressive environments: Acid Attacks and Leaching,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 368, p. 130444, Mar. 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.130444.
A. Arjomandi et al., “The Effect of Sulfuric Acid Attack on Mechanical Properties of Steel fiber-reinforced Concrete Containing Waste Nylon aggregates: Experiments and RSM-based Optimization,” Journal of Building Engineering, vol. 64, pp. 105500–105500, Apr. 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.105500
M. Shariati et al., “Sulfuric Acid Resistance of Concrete Containing Coal Waste as a Partial Substitute for Fine and Coarse Aggregates,” Fuel, vol. 348, pp. 128311–128311, May 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2023.128311
I.Q.S: Iraqi Standards Specifications No.5, “Iraqi Standard Specification, Portland cement”. 2019
ASTM International. C1240-20, "Standard Specification for Silica Fume Used in Cementitious Mixtures;" ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, USA. 2020.
ASTM International C618-19, “Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete,” ASTM International. 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.1520/c0618-12a
BS EN 15167-1. “Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag for Use in Concrete, Mortar and Grout. Part 1: Definitions, Specifications, and Conformity Criteria,” BSI Standard Limited: London, UK. 2006.
P. W. Leung and H. D. Wong, “Final Report on Durability and Strength Development of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag concrete. ,” Geotechnical Engineering office, Civil Engineering, 2010.
ASTM, C., 1437, “Standard test method for flow of hydraulic cement mortar. West Conshohocken, PA” American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) International. 2020.
BS EN 12390-3, “Testing Hardened Concrete. Part 3: Compressive Strength of Test Specimens”. BSI Standard Limited: London, UK. 2019.
ASTM C496/C496M-17 “Standard Test Method for Splitting Tensile Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens” American Society for Testing and Materials International: West Conshohocken, PA, USA, pp. 5. 2017.
ASTM C597 - 16, “Standard Test Method for Pulse Velocity Through Concrete”, American Society of Testing and Materials. pp. 1–4. 2016
No, T.C.S., “Guidebook on non-destructive testing of concrete structures”. Training Course Series. 2002.
M. A. M. Johari, J. J. Brooks, S. Kabir, and P. Rivard, “Influence of Supplementary Cementitious Materials on Engineering Properties of High Strength Concrete,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 2639–2648, May 2011, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.12.013
R. C. Joshi and R. Lohita, “98/00323 Fly Ash in concrete: Production, Properties and Uses,” Fuel and Energy Abstracts, vol. 39, no. 1, p. 26, Jan. 1998, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6701(98)94358-2
A. Aghaeipour and M. Madhkhan, “Abstract of: Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag as a Cementitious Constituent in Concrete and Mortar,” ACI Materials Journal, vol. 92, no. 3, 1995, doi: https://doi.org/10.14359/1125
H. SONG and V. SARASWATHY, “Studies on the Corrosion Resistance of Reinforced Steel in Concrete with Ground Granulated blast-furnace slag—An Overview,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 138, no. 2, pp. 226–233, Nov. 2006, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.07.022
R. A. T. Cahyani and Y. Rusdianto, “Concrete Performance with Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag as Supplementary Cementitious Materials,” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 771, p. 012062, Mar. 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/771/1/012062
M. Kewalramani and A. Khartabil, “Porosity Evaluation of Concrete Containing Supplementary Cementitious Materials for Durability Assessment through Volume of Permeable Voids and Water Immersion Conditions,” Buildings, vol. 11, no. 9, p. 378, Aug. 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11090378
P. Munjal, K. K. Hau, and C. C. Hon Arthur, “Effect of GGBS and Curing Conditions on Strength and Microstructure Properties of Oil Well Cement Slurry,” Journal of Building Engineering, vol. 40, p. 102331, Aug. 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102331
V. M. Malhotra, M. H. Zhang, P. H. Read, and J. Ryell, “Long-Term Mechanical Properties and Durability Characteristics of High-Strength/High-Performance Concrete Incorporating Supplementary Cementing Materials under Outdoor Exposure Conditions,” ACI Materials Journal, vol. 97, no. 5, 2000, doi: https://doi.org/10.14359/9284
J. Sun, X. Shen, G. Tan, and J. E. Tanner, “Compressive Strength and Hydration Characteristics of high-volume Fly Ash Concrete Prepared from Fly Ash,” Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, vol. 136, no. 2, pp. 565–580, Aug. 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-018-7578-z.
C. Herath, C. Gunasekara, D. W. Law, and S. Setunge, “Performance of High Volume Fly Ash Concrete Incorporating additives: a Systematic Literature Review,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 258, p. 120606, Oct. 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120606
G. Li and X. Zhao, “Properties of Concrete Incorporating Fly Ash and Ground Granulated blast-furnace Slag,” Cement and Concrete Composites, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 293–299, Apr. 2003, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0958-9465(02)00058-6
S. S. S. A. Nedunuri, S. G. Sertse, and S. Muhammad, “Microstructural Study of Portland Cement Partially Replaced with Fly ash, Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag and Silica Fume as Determined by Pozzolanic Activity,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 238, p. 117561, Mar. 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117561
Downloads
Key Dates
Received
Revised
Accepted
Published Online First
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammed Saad Elhussainy, Eman Kh. Ibrahim (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
