THE EFFECT OF MOISTURE CONTENT ON ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED SOFTWOODS; CEDAR, JUNIPER, AND PINE

Authors

  • Sinan Saeed Jasim Alsaadi Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Akdeniz University, 07058, Antalya, Turkey Author https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1985-3197
  • Atalya Kocakusak Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Akdeniz University, 07058, Antalya, Turkey Author https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2457-4426
  • Selcuk Helhel Industrial and Medical-Based Microwave Research Center EMUMAM, Akdeniz University, 07058, Antalya, Turkey Author https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1401-3297

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31272/jeasd.28.1.3

Keywords:

Empiric mathematical models, Loss tangent, Relative dielectric constant, Wood physics

Abstract

Natural woods as a raw material have been taking a considerable interest topic by industries such as the forest industry, furniture manufacturing, and nowadays suitable electronics. One of the most essential steps of manufacturing for those industry purposes is RF heating/drying of raw wood material nowadays. However, knowing the electrical properties, such as the dielectric constant of wood-based material before processing is tremendously important. It is well-known that the moisture content and density levels of material directly affect the dielectric properties. Moisture and density conditions are different in each material because it’s related directly to the absorption and affection of material towards moisture sources. Therefore, in this study of wood material under varying conditions, proper empiric models have been generated to express this relationship. This study is based on three different softwood specimens widely used in the forest industry. The dielectric properties were determined in the frequency range of 2.17 GHz-6.0 GHz as a function of moisture content and density for wood species. Each measurement contains 500 raw data points; a vector network analyzer collected 49,500 S-parameter data. Each wood specimen consists of six samples; the average of data obtained from these samples was considered as a dielectric measure for the examined wood specimen. The proposed empiric models have RMSE better than 0.05 for the relation between loss tangent and density, while the proposed empiric models for dielectric permittivity have better than 0.90 with density relation, which is considered an acceptable ratio for model generation.

References

Romanov, A. Some Behavior Features of Dielectric Properties of Water in Birch Wood at a Frequency of 1.41 GHz, IEEE Transaction on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 60, 2022.

https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2022.3157642

Wang D., Xianjun H., Lv J. and Chen X., 2022. The Effects of Moisture and Temperature on the Microwave Absorption Power of Poplar Wood Forests, Vol. 13, pp. 1-12.

https://doi.org/10.3390/f13020309

Pereiraa, C. M., Blanchard C., Carvalhoa L. M. and Costa C. A.,2004. High-frequency heating of medium density Fberboard (MDF): theory and experiment, Chemical Science Engineering, Vol. 59, pp. 735-745.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2003.09.038

Helhel S., 2019. Microwave Techniques (in Turkish), 1 ed., Istanbul: Nobel,.

Kocakusak A., Colak B., and Helhel S., 2016. Frequency-dependent complex dielectric permittivity of rubber and magnolia leaves and leaf water content relation. Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy, Vol. 50, Issue. 4, pp. 294-307.

https://doi.org/10.1080/08327823.2016.1254135

Genç A., Basyigit I. B., Dogan H. and Colak B.,2021. Measuring and modeling the complex-permittivity of the hemp plant (Cannabis Sativa) at X band for microwave remote sensing, Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 35, Issue. 14, pp. 1909-1921.

https://doi.org/10.1080/09205071.2021.1924294

Metlek S., Kayaalp K., Basyigit I. B., Genc A., and Dogan H. 2021. The dielectric properties prediction of the vegetation depends on the moisture content using the deep neural network model. International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Design, Vol. 31, Issue. 1.

https://doi.org/10.1002/mmce.22496

Dogan H., I. Basyigit B. and Genc A., 2020. Determination and modeling of dielectric properties of the cherry leaves of varying moisture content over 3.30-7.05 GHz frequency range. Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy, Vol. 54, Issue. 3, pp. 254-270,.

https://doi.org/10.1080/08327823.2020.1794724

Sudo S., Suzuki Y., Asano M., and Yagihara S., 2022. Investigation of the molecular description of small molecules in void spaces of wood using dielectric measurements Wood Science and Technology, Vol. 56, pp. 1887-1902.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-022-01433-7

Quan P. Long C., Zhou J. He X., Liu Y., eVallanceD. D, Li X. and Xie X., 2021. Natural wood-based metamaterials for highly efficient microwave absorption Holzforschung, Vol.. 76, Issue. 4, pp. 368-379.

https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2021-0088

Fang Z., Zhang H., Qiu S., Kuang Y., Zhou J., Lan Y., Sun C., Li G., Gong S., and Ma Z., 2021. Versatile Wood Cellulose for Biodegradable Electronics Advanced Materials Technologies, Vol. 6, pp. 1-18,.

https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.202000928

Dobson M., DeLaSierra R. and Christensen N., 1991. Spatial and temporal variation of the microwave dielectric properties of loblolly pine trunks in Annual International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium IGARSS '91, Espoo.

https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1991.579264

Kokkonen M. Nelo M, Liimatainen H., Ukkola J., Tervo N., Myllyma ̈ki S., Juuti J., and Jantunen H., 2022. Wood-based composite materials for ultralight lens antennas in 6G systems. Materials Advances, No.. 3, pp. 1687-1694.

https://doi.org/10.1039/D1MA00644D

Fu Q., Chen Y. and Sorieul M. 2020. Wood-Based Flexible Electronics, ACS NANO, Vol. 14, Issue. 3, pp. 3528-3538.

https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b09817

Wang T., Liu S., Hu Y., Xu Z., Hu S., Li G., Xu J., Wang M., Zhang J., Yu W. and Ma X., 2022. Liquid Metal/Wood Anisotropic Conductors for Flexible and Recyclable Electronics, Advanced Materials, Vol. 9, pp. 1-12,.

https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.202200172

Hongli Z., Luo W., . Chiesielski P. N, Fang Z., Zhu J., Henrikson G., Himmel M., and Liangbing H., 2016. Wood-Derived Materials for Green Electronics, Biological Devices, and Energy Applications, Chemical Reviews, Vol. 116, Issue. 16, pp. 9305-9374,.

https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00225

Gerke R., Shapiro A., and Peters D., 2003. Use of plastic commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) microcircuits for space applications, in International Electronic Packaging Technical Conference.

https://doi.org/10.1115/IPACK2003-35351

Cai Y., Zhenyu G., Chakraborty I., Briceno S., and Mavris D., System-Level 2018. Assessment of Active Flow Control for Commercial Aircraft High-Lift Devices, Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 55, Issue. 3, pp. 1200-1216.

https://doi.org/10.2514/1.C034401

Xu C., Chai H., Cao T., Cai M., Cai Y. and Liu H., 2019. Detection of Dielectric Constant of Pinus Sysvestris Var. Mongolia and şts Influencing Factors. Biosources, Vol. 14, Issue. 2, pp. 4532-4542,.

https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.2.4532-4542

Jayamani E., Rahman R. M., Hamdan S., Kyari M. I., Bin Bakri M. K., Khairuddin S. and Khan A., 2020. Dielectric Properties of Natural Borneo Woods: Keranji, Kayu Malam, and Kumpang. Bioresources, Vol.. 15, Issue. 4, pp. 7815-7827.

https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.4.7815-7827

Kol H. S. and Yalcin İ., 2015. Predicting Wood Strength using Dielectric Parameters, Biosrources, Vol. 10, Issue. 4, pp. 6496-651,.

https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.10.4.6496-6511

Hakam A., Chantoufi A., El Imame N., Guelzim M., Ziani M., Famii A., Dirissi-Bakhkat S., Ghailane F., HacmM. i, Sesbou A. and Merlin A., 2017. Dielectric Properties of Atlas Cedar Wood at its Early Stage of Decay, International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research, Vol. 9, Issue. 3, pp. 444-448.

Suslyaev V., Kochetkova T., Korovin E. and Volchkov S., 2013. Spectra of permittivity of different woods in the frequency range of 3–12 GHz, Sevastopol, Ukraine,.

Toshiyuki F., Yanase Y., Sawada Y. and Fuji Y., . Estimations of the moisture content above the fiber saturation point in sugi wood using the correlation between the specific dynamic Young's modulus and tangent loss, Journal of Wood Science, Vol. 66, Issue. 1.

https://doi.org/10.1186/s10086-020-01879-y

Erchiqui F., Annasabi Z., and Diagne M., 2022. Investigation of the radiofrequency heating of anisotropic dielectric materials with a phase change: application to frozen Douglas-fir and white oak woods, Wood Science and Technology, Vol. 56, Issue. 1, pp. 259-283.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-021-01345-y

Peyskens E., Depourcq M., Steven M. and Schalck J., 1984. Dielectric-Properties of Softwood Species at Microwave- Frequencies., Wood Science and Technology, Vol. 18, Issue. 4, pp. 267-280,.

https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00353363

Daian G., Taube A., Birnboim A., Shramkov Y., and Daian M., 2005. Measuring the dielectric properties of wood at microwave frequencies, Wood Science and Technology, Vol. 39, Issue. 3, pp. 215-223.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-004-0281-1

Master Class, "Masterclass," 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.masterclass.com/articles/types-of-hardwood. [Accessed 05 March 2023].

Bond B. and Hammer P., 2002. Wood Identification for Hardwood and Softwood Species Native to Tennessee, Agricultural Extension Service, Knoxville.

Tornonikov G. I., 1993. Dielectric Properties of Wood and Wood-Based Materials, Springer.

Hussein W. J. and Hameed K. R., 2022. Finite-Element Calculation Of Electromagnetic Forces In The Deferent Shapes Of Distribution Transformers Winding Under Short Circuit Condition, Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Vol. 26, Issue. 3, May.

https://doi.org/10.31272/jeasd.26.3.6

Trabelsi S., Kraszewski A. and Nelson S., 2000. Phase-Shift Ambiguity In Microwave Dielectric Properties Measurements." IEEE Trans Instrum Meas., Vol. 49, p. 56–60.

https://doi.org/10.1109/19.836309

Kraszewski A. and Nelson S., 2004. Microwave permittivity determination in agricultural products., Microw Power Electromagn Energy, Vol. 39, p. 41–52.

https://doi.org/10.1080/08327823.2004.11688507

Jarves J. B., Jenezic M. D., Riddle B. F., Johnk R. T., Kabos P., Christopher L. H., Geyer R. G., and Grosvenor C. A., 2005. Measuring the Permittivity and Permeability of Lossy Materials: Solids, Liquids, Metals, Building Materials, and Negative-Index Materials, Boulder: National Institute of Standards and Technology - NIST,. [Accessed online 2023] https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/TN/nbstechnicalnote1536.pdf

Ahmed S., Chandra M., and Abdul Hassain, Z. A. 2022. Reducing The Cross-Polarizationpatternina Dual-Polarized Antenna Using Spiral And Splitting Resonators, Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Vol. 26, Issue. 6, pp. 30-38, November.

https://doi.org/10.31272/jeasd.26.6.4

Balanis C. A., 2012. Advanced engineering electromagnetics, John Wiley & Sons.

Reeb J. and Brown T. D. 2016. Air- and Shed-Drying Lumber, August. [Online]. Available: https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/em8612/html#:~:text=Air%2Ddrying%20means%20stacking%20lumber,months%20to%20almost%20a%20year. [Accessed 08 February 2023].

Helhel S., Colak B. and Ozen S., 2009. Measurement of Dielectric Constant of Thin Leaves by Moisture Content at 4mm Band, Progress in Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 7, pp. 183-191,

https://doi.org/10.2528/PIERL09021605

Helhel, Selcuk, Kocakusak A. and Sunel M., 2020. Determining loss tangent values of dry granite for potential S-band applications, Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, Vol. 62, Issue. 11, pp. 3476-3484.

https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.32494

Saedi T., İsmail I., Alhawari A. R., and Wen W. P., Near-Field And Far-Field Investigation Of Miniaturized Uwb Antenna For Imaging Of Wood, AIP Advances, Vol. 9, pp. 1-21, 19 March 2019.

https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5081762

Ågren A. R., 2021Swedish Wood,. [Online]. Available: https://www.swedishwood.com/wood-facts/about-wood/wood-and-moisture/. [Accessed 17 January 2023].

Sahin H. T. 2008. Wood-Water Interactions As Affected By Chemical Constituents Of Woods, Asian Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 20, Issue. 4, pp. 3267-3276.

Downloads

Key Dates

Published

2024-01-01

How to Cite

THE EFFECT OF MOISTURE CONTENT ON ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED SOFTWOODS; CEDAR, JUNIPER, AND PINE. (2024). Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development, 28(1), 35-54. https://doi.org/10.31272/jeasd.28.1.3

Similar Articles

11-20 of 364

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.