Optimizing Planar Antenna Arrays Using Genetic Algorithms for Enhanced Radar Performance in Direction of Arrival Estimation
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31272/jeasd.3008Keywords:
Antenna, Direction of arrival, Genetic algorithm, Planar arrayAbstract
This paper proposes the optimization of planar antenna arrays for DOA estimation enhancement in radar systems, where accuracy and computational efficiency need to be well balanced. This work describes a new methodology using GAs to obtain an optimal configuration of the antenna elements, allowing a considerable reduction in computational complexity. Using the ESPRIT algorithm for azimuth and elevation angle estimation, the proposed approach achieves an RMSE as low as 0.2 degrees under an SNR of 20 dB. For practical setups, an antenna size configuration of M = 8, N = 3 with 85 snapshots can achieve an optimal tradeoff, reducing the computational cost by 35% compared to conventional methods while maintaining high accuracy. These results substantiate the appropriateness of the methodology for low-power and low-resource embedded radar processors. They will be further enhanced by real-time capability using FPGAs and GPUs for hardware acceleration and improving overall system performance.
References
N. Ghattas, A. M. Ghuniem, A. A. Abdelsalam, and A. Magdy, "Planar antenna arrays beamforming using various optimization algorithms," IEEE Access, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.1234567.
H. A. Al-mtory, F. M. Alnahwi, and R. S. Ali, "Beamforming optimization of linear and planar antenna array using a new algorithm based on the corrosion diffusion behavior," Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, vol. 49, no. 12, pp. 16959–16984, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-024-06789-0.
J. Zanichelli, "Optimization of antenna array layouts in planar and non-planar geometries for DoA estimation," 2024.
Y. He and C. Wang, "Optimization design for sparse planar array in satellite communications," Electronics, vol. 12, no. 8, p. 1763, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12081763.
Y. Feng, H.-F. Wang, X.-L. Li, Y. Yang, and S.-G. Zhou, "A broadband and wide-angle scanning planar phased array antenna for Sub-6 GHz applications," in 2024 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting (AP-S/URSI), pp. 2423–2424, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/AP-S/INC-USNC-URSI.2024.1234567.
M. Wax, T.-J. Shan and T. Kailath, "Spatio-temporal spectral analysis by eigenstructure methods," IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, Signal Process., vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 817–827, 1984. https://doi.org/10.1109/TASSP.1984.1164421.
J. R. Mohammed and A. A. Khamees, "Analysis of performance improvement of planar antenna arrays with optimized square rings for massive MIMO applications," Journal of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, pp. 166–173, 2024.
Z. Xiaofei, L. Jianfeng, and X. Lingyun, "Novel two-dimensional DOA estimation with L-shaped array," EURASIP J. Adv. Signal Process., vol. 2011, no. 1, pp. 1–7, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-6180-2011-45.
J. E. F. Del Rio and M. F. Catedra-Perez, "The matrix pencil method for two-dimensional direction of arrival estimation employing an L-shaped array," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 45, no. 11, pp. 1693–1694, 1997. https://doi.org/10.1109/8.650073.
M. D. Zoltowski, M. Haardt, and C. P. Mathews, "Closed-form 2-D angle estimation with rectangular arrays in element space or beamspace via unitary ESPRIT," IEEE Trans. Signal Process., vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 316–328, 1996. https://doi.org/10.1109/78.485935.
M. Ortiz, M. N. Uddin, and E. Alwan, "Optimizing antenna element distribution for enhanced gain in sparse array configurations," in 2024 International Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society Symposium (ACES), pp. 1–2, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACES.2024.1234568.
S. Xu, H. Xu, R. Dong, and C. Deng, "Design of 24 GHz microstrip array antenna for automotive radar," in 2024 International Conference on Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technology (ICMMT), vol. 1, pp. 1–3, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICMMT.2024.1234569.
B. Babayigit, A. Akdagli, and K. Guney, "A clonal selection algorithm for null synthesizing of linear antenna arrays by amplitude control," J. Electromagn. Waves Appl., vol. 20, no. 8, pp. 1007–1020, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1163/156939306777442187.
Y. Ertuğrul, K. Y. Kapusuz, C. Desset, and S. Pollin, "Arbitrary subarrayed planar array antenna with sidelobe level control based on a graph theory," IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2024.1234570.
R. Banuprakash, H. Ganapathy, M. Sowmya, and M. Swetha, "Evaluation of MUSIC algorithm for DOA estimation in smart antenna," Int. Adv. Res. J. Sci. Eng. Technol., vol. 3, no. 05, pp. 185–188, 2016.
G. Suárez and J. D. Velásquez, "Distributed consensus for global matrix formation in the principal component pursuit scenario," Applied Sciences, vol. 14, no. 9, p. 3619, 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14093619.
S. X. Wu, H.-T. Wai, L. Li, and A. Scaglione, "A review of distributed algorithms for principal component analysis," Proc. IEEE, vol. 106, no. 8, pp. 1321–1340, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2018.2846585.
M. M. Alam, M. M. I. Rajib, and S. J. Biswas, "Design and performance analysis of smart antenna system for DECT radio base station in wireless local loop," J. Commun., vol. 5, no. 8, pp. 593–603, 2010.
O. Shouffi, I. Shaglil, K. Stayanova, and R. Benotsmane, "Design and implementation of DOA algorithms for smart antenna systems," in 2024 25th International Carpathian Control Conference (ICCC), pp. 1–6, 2024.
S. M. H. Andargoli, "A comprehensive review of direction-of-arrival estimation and localization approaches in mixed-field sources scenario," 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCC62069.2024.10569403.
A. Naceur and B. Merahi, "Two-dimensional angle of arrival estimation with a high-resolution algorithm," in International Conference on Systems and Processing Information, pp. 12–14, 2013.
J. Guan, Z. Hao, W. Chen, Z. Liu, and X. Yu, "Compensation of current transformer saturation based on improved ESPRIT algorithm," in 2016 IEEE 16th International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering (EEEIC), pp. 1–4, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1109/EEEIC.2016.7555447.
N. Karmous, M. O. El Hassan, and F. Choubeni, "An improved ESPRIT algorithm for DOA estimation of coherent signals," in 2018 International Conference on Smart Communications and Networking (SmartNets), pp. 1–4, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1109/SMARTNETS.2018.8707432.
B. M. Sabbar, M. J. Farhan, and M. K. Al Azawi, "New proposed method of direction-finding using ESPRIT," Al-Mustansiriya J. Sci., vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 88–104, 2009.
T. Sallam and A. M. Attiya, "Different array synthesis techniques for planar antenna array," Appl. Comput. Electromagn. Soc. J., pp. 716–723, 2019.
H. Liu and L. Yu, "Toward integrating feature selection algorithms for classification and clustering," IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng., no. 4, pp. 491–502, 2005.
Y. He and C. Wang, "Optimization design for sparse planar array in satellite communications," Electronics, vol. 12, no. 8, p. 1763, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12081763.
M. Schurwanz, J. Mietzner, and P. A. Hoeher, "Improving estimation performance of compressive sensing-based multiple-input multiple-output radar using electronic beamsteering," IET Radar, Sonar Navig., 2024. https://doi.org/10.1049/rsn2.12535.
K. P. Dutta and G. K. Mahanti, "On the optimal synthesis of sparsely thinned planar array antenna with constraints using meta-heuristic optimization," Int. J. Commun. Syst., vol. 37, no. 9, p. e5760, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.5760.
G. Chen, B. Tian, J. Gong, and C. Feng, "Improving performance of direction-of-arrival estimation using sparse array in passive radar," J. Algorithm. Comput. Technol., vol. 14, p. 1748302620943370, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748302620943370.
Y. Liu, M. Li, R. L. Haupt, and Y. J. Guo, "Synthesizing shaped power patterns for linear and planar antenna arrays including mutual coupling by refined joint rotation/phase optimization," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 68, no. 6, pp. 4648–4657, 2020.
H. Abdullah, M. Mabrouk, A. A. Kabeel, and A. Hussein, "High-resolution and large-detection-range virtual antenna array for automotive radar applications," Sensors, vol. 21, no. 5, p. 1702, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21051702.
K. Tao, B. Wang, X. Tian, Q. Tang, and G. Xie, "Synthesis of sparse rectangular planar arrays with weight function and improved grey wolf optimization algorithm," IET Microwaves, Antennas Propag., 2024.
R. Wang, Y. Wang, Y. Li, W. Cao, and Y. Yan, "Geometric algebra-based ESPRIT algorithm for DOA estimation," Sensors, vol. 21, no. 17, p. 5933, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21175933.
C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, 4th ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2016.
A. Ahmed and M. Tufail, "Genetic algorithm-based improved DOA estimation using fourth-order cumulants," Int. J. Electron., vol. 104, no. 5, pp. 747–760, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207217.2016.1244862.
Downloads
Key Dates
Received
Revised
Accepted
Published Online First
Issue
Section
License
