Enhancing the Mechanical Properties of Soil using Orange Peel Ash: Modeling and Experiments
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31272/jeasd.2639Keywords:
Agricultural waste , Cement, Collapse, Orange peel ash, Waste recyclingAbstract
Using agricultural waste products as sustainable resources significantly contributes to the country's development. This research aims to assess the efficacy of mixing soil with orange peel ash by employing Atterberg limits, unconfined compressive strength, and collapse as evaluation parameters. Four models were developed to measure the cumulative failure loads both before and after soil treatment using a combination of 9% orange peel and 3% cement ash. The experimental tests will be undertaken at 7, 14, and 28 days. Moreover, two mathematical equations were derived to demonstrate the correlation between the liquidity index, soil-bearing capacity, and cohesion. The models revealed that the foundation's bearing capacity on saturated clay soil increased from 49 KPa without treatment to 115, 275, and 460 KPa at 7, 14, and 28 days of drying. Mixing 9% orange peel ash with 3% cement improves soil properties and reduces the percentage of cement. To evaluate the effectiveness of soil, it is necessary to apply orange peel ash to the area that lacks nutrients. Ash has properties that decrease soil reactivity, increase cohesiveness, and strengthen the soil's resistance to external stresses. Through the implementation of sustainable waste recycling, the productivity of low-quality clay soil can be improved.
References
] M. A. M, Dinesh Kumar M, M. C. J, and Vani G, “Replacement of Cement Using Eggshell Powder,” International Journal of Civil Engineering, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 1–2, Mar. 2016, doi: https://doi.org/10.14445/23488352/ijce-v3i3p101
] K. Bezih, A. Chateauneuf, M. Kalla, and C. Bacconnet, “Effect of Soil–structure Interaction on the Reliability of Reinforced Concrete Bridges,” Ain Shams Engineering Journal, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 755–766, Sep. 2015, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2015.01.007
] S. A. Nugroho, A. Zulnasari, F. Fatnanta, and A. D. Putra, “Mechanical Behavior of Clay Soil Stabilized with Fly Ash and Bottom Ash,” Makara Journal of Technology, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 1–7, Apr. 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.7454/mst.v26i1.1444.
] M. Çınar, M. Karpuzcu, and H. Çanakcı, “The Measurement of Fresh Properties of cement-based Grout Containing Waste Marble Powder,” Measurement, vol. 150, p. 106833, Jan. 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2019.07.061.
] S A. Nugroho, G. Wibisono, A. Ongko, and A. Z. Mauliza, “Effects of High Plasticity and Expansive Clay Stabilization with Lime on UCS Testing in Several Conditions,” Journal of the Civil Engineering Forum, vol. 1000, no. 1000, Jan. 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.22146/jcef.59438
] B. Sari Ahmed, H. Gadouri, M. Ghrici, and K. Harichane, "Best-fit Models for Predicting the Geotechnical Properties of FA-stabilised Problematic Soils Used as Materials for Earth Structures,” International Journal of Pavement Engineering, vol. 21, no. 7, pp. 939–953, Sep. 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2018.1517874
] S. D. S. Al-Dulaimi, S. I. Bazhenova, I. V. Stepina, I. V. Erofeeva, and V. Afonin, “Development of Efficient Compositions of Hydrophobic Materials Resistant to Chemical and Biological Environments,” Journal of Infrastructure Preservation and Resilience, vol. 5, no. 1, Dec. 2024, doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s43065-024-00113-z
] S. M. Abdulrahman, A. Kindi, and Elaf Abd Al–Azai Ihsan, "Sustainable Stabilization of Clay Soil with Rice Husk Ash," Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences, vol. 56, no. 04, pp. 450–462, Aug. 2024, doi: https://doi.org/10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2024.56.4.2
] R. Munirwan, A. Taib, M. Taha, N. Rahman, and M. Munirwansyah, “A Sustainable Solution of Coffee Husk Waste Disposal for Soil Stabilization,” Proceedings of the 9ICEG 9th International Congress on Environmental Geotechnics 25-28 June, 2023 | Chania, Greece, 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.53243/ICEG2023-318
] S. Pandey and N. Kumari, “Utilisation of Agricultural Waste Biopolymer for Soil Erosion Management,” Elsevier eBooks, pp. 249–260, Jan. 2024, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-443-15291-7.00019-5.
] C. B. Ammar et al., “Properties of High-Entropy Fe30Co20Ni20Mn20Al10 Alloy Produced by High-Energy Ball Milling,” Materials, vol. 17, no. 1, p. 234, Dec. 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17010234
] S. Wang, W. Dai, and G. Y. Li, “Distributionally Robust Receive Beamforming,” arXiv.org, 2024. https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.12345
] Shagun K., P. Sharma, and O. P. Pandey, "Green Sorbents from Agricultural Wastes: a Review of Sustainable Adsorption Materials," Applied Surface Science Advances, vol. 19, pp. 100562–100562, Feb. 2024, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsadv.2023.100562.
] F. A. Gidebo, H. Yasuhara, and N. Kinoshita, “Stabilization of Expansive Soil with Agricultural Waste additives: a Review,” International Journal of Geo-Engineering, vol. 14, no. 1, Sep. 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40703-023-00194-x.
] H. M. Jafer, Z. H. Majeed, and A. Dulaimi, “Incorporating of Two Waste Materials for the Use in Fine-Grained Soil Stabilization,” Civil Engineering Journal, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 1114–1123, Jun. 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-2020-03091533.
] Z. M. Dawood and Z. H. Alqaissi, “Impact of Date-Palm Fibers on Fine Soil’s Compaction and Strength Properties,” Journal of Engineering, vol. 30, no. 06, pp. 67–82, Jun. 2024, doi: https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2024.06.05 .
] S. O. Malongweni et al., “Impact of Agricultural Waste on the Shrink–swell Behavior and Cracking Dynamics of Expansive Soils,” International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 339–349, Apr. 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40093-019-0265-7.
] I. Barišić, I. Netinger Grubeša, T. Dokšanović, and B. Marković, “Feasibility of Agricultural Biomass Fly Ash Usage for Soil Stabilisation of Road Works,” Materials, vol. 12, no. 9, p. 1375, Apr. 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12091375.
] D. Basu, A. Misra, and A. J. Puppala, "Sustainability and Geotechnical Engineering: Perspectives and Review," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 96–113, Jan. 2015, doi: https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2013-0120.
] I. J. Fernandes et al., “Characterization of Rice Husk Ash Produced Using Different Biomass Combustion Techniques for Energy,” Fuel, vol. 165, pp. 351–359, Feb. 2016, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.10.086.
] B. R. Phanikumar and T. V. Nagaraju, “Effect of Fly Ash and Rice Husk Ash on Index and Engineering Properties of Expansive Clays,” Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 3425–3436, Apr. 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-018-0544-5.
] B. S. Thomas, S. Kumar, and H. S. Arel, “Sustainable Concrete Containing Palm Oil Fuel Ash as a Supplementary Cementitious Material – a Review,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 80, pp. 550–561, Dec. 2017, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.128.
] M. N. Borhan, A. Ismail, and Riza, "Evaluation of Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) on Asphalt mixtures," Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, vol. 4, no. 10, pp. 5456–5463, Oct. 2010.
] A. Kilani, A. Olubambi, B. Ikotun, O. Adeleke, and O. Adetayo, “Structural Performance of Concrete Reinforced with Banana and Orange Peel Fibers -A Review,” Journal of Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies, vol. 7, no. 4, Dec. 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.47481/jscmt.1144427.
] Katla. Praveen. Kumar and C. Nagaraj, “An Investigation of Mechanical Characterization of Orange Peel Reinforced Epoxy Composite,” IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, vol. 16, no. 053, pp. 33–41, Dec. 2016, doi: https://doi.org/10.9790/1684-16053023341.
] O. O. Olubajo, O. A. Odey, and B. Abdullahi, “Potential of Orange Peel Ash as a Cement Replacement Material,” Path of Science, vol. 5, no. 7, pp. 2009–2019, Jul. 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.22178/pos.48-3.
] N. Mahato, K. Sharma, M. Sinha, and M. H. Cho, “Citrus Waste Derived nutra-/pharmaceuticals for Health benefits: Current Trends and Future Perspectives,” Journal of Functional Foods, vol. 40, pp. 307–316, Jan. 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2017.11.015.
] N. Mahato, K. Sharma, M. Sinha, and M. H. Cho, “Citrus Waste Derived nutra-/pharmaceuticals for Health benefits: Current Trends and Future Perspectives,” Journal of Functional Foods, vol. 40, pp. 307–316, Jan. 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2017.11.015.
] ASTM, D 891 – 95, Specific Gravity, "Standard Test Methods for Specific Gravity, Apparent, of Liquid Industrial Chemicals," ASTM D 891 – 95 (Reapproved 2000), June 1995. [Online]. Available: https://www.astm.org/Standards/D891.htm. [Accessed: 03-Oct-2024]
] ASTM D1140-2000, 'Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates', ASTM International, 2000. https://cdn.standards.iteh.ai/samples/3142/b6d745036a6243698ceb54329ac53430/ASTM-D1140-00.pdf. [Accessed: 03-Oct-2024].
] ASTM, "D4318 - 00: Standards for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils," ASTM D 4318-2000, vol. 04, pp. 1–14, 2000, https://www.astm.org/d4318-17e01.html
] ASTM "D698-12, 2012. Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort," American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, 2012, https://cdn.standards.iteh.ai/samples/80785/1f09081d070c47e3a953b587da221c23/ASTM-D698-12.pdf.
] ASTM, "D2166−16, Standard Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strength of Cohesive Soil," ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, vol. D2166-16, pp. 1–6, 2016, https://cdn.standards.iteh.ai/samples/94791/55c0a7ad962440cdb164b6ebac3f0033/ASTM-D2166-D2166M-16.pdf
] ASTM, "D 5333 – 03, Standard Test Method for Measurement of Collapse Potential of Soils," West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States, 1996, https://www.academia.edu/8713281/D_5333_03_Standard_Test_Method_for_Measurement_of_Collapse_Potential_of_Soils
] ASTM International, "Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete (ASTM C618-19)," 2019. DOI: https://10.1520/c0595_c0595m-19
] S. M. Abdulrahman, K. W. A. Al-Kaream, and E. A. Ihsan, “Enhancing Soil with Low-Cost Pozzolanic Materials: Rice Husk Ash and Groundnut Shell Ash Compared to Cement,” Mathematical Modelling of Engineering Problems, vol. 11, no. 4, Apr. 2024, doi: https://doi.org/10.18280/mmep.110430
] R. M. Tremiño, T. Real‐Herraiz, V. Letelier, and J. M. Ortega, “Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ternary Mortars with Brick powder, Glass powder, slag, Fly ash, and Limestone,” International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 2135–2147, Feb. 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/ijac.14012
] H. Gadouri, “Behavior of Natural Pozzolana-Lime-stabilized Clayey Soils Artificially Contaminated by Sulfates,” Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering, vol. 17, no. 4, Oct. 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.14525/jjce.v17i4.07
] P. Samui, S. Kumari, V. Makarov, and P. Kurup, Modeling in Geotechnical Engineering. Academic Press, 2020.
] M. Basu, P. B. S. Bhadoria, and S. C. Mahapatra, “Comparative Effectiveness of Different Organic and Industrial Wastes on peanut: Plant growth, yield, Oil content, Protein content, Mineral Composition and Hydration Coefficient of Kernels,” Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, vol. 53, no. 6, pp. 645–658, Nov. 2007, doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340701591569.
] S. Manikantha. A, S. P.V.V, V. Nagaraju.T, and A. Moin, “Geotechnical Application of Rice Husk Ash and Lime Admixtures of Black Cotton Soil Having High Expansive Nature,” International Journal of Civil Engineering, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 158–163, May 2016, doi: https://doi.org/10.14445/23488352/ijce-v3i5p134
] T. I. Sani, K. Jamtsho, M. A. Khan, R. A. Bapon, and V. G. Gopalakrishna, “Experimental Investigation for Stabilizing Soil Using Rice Husk Ash,” International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, vol. 12, no. 5, May 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.17577/IJERTV12IS050336
] D. E. Wibowo, D. A. Ramadhan, Endaryanta, and H. Prayuda, “Soil Stabilization Using Rice Husk Ash and Cement for Pavement Subgrade Materials,” Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scientific Electronic Library Online), vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 192–202, Jan. 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.7764/rdlc.22.1.192
] A. S. A. Al-Gharbawi, A. M. Najemalden, and M. Y. Fattah, “Expansive Soil Stabilization with Lime, Cement, and Silica Fume,” Applied Sciences, vol. 13, no. 1, p. 436, Dec. 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/app13010436
Downloads
Key Dates
Received
Revised
Accepted
Published Online First
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Sh.Muthana AbdulRahman, Maha Al-Soudani, Salman Dawood Salman AL-Dulaimi, Svetlov Dmitry Anatolyevich (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
